period were facilitated by the
previous cooperation in the regulation of the frontier. In this
connection may be mentioned the importance of the frontier, from that
day to this, as a military training school, keeping alive the power of
resistance to aggression, and developing the stalwart and rugged
qualities of the frontiersman.

It would not be possible in the limits of this paper to trace the other
frontiers across the continent. Travelers of the eighteenth century
found the "cowpens" among the canebrakes and peavine pastures of the
South, and the "cow drivers" took their droves to Charleston,
Philadelphia, and New York.[16:1] Travelers at the close of the War of
1812 met droves of more than a thousand cattle and swine from the
interior of Ohio going to Pennsylvania to fatten for the Philadelphia
market.[16:2] The ranges of the Great Plains, with ranch and cowboy and
nomadic life, are things of yesterday and of to-day. The experience of
the Carolina cowpens guided the ranchers of Texas. One element favoring
the rapid extension of the rancher's frontier is the fact that in a
remote country lacking transportation facilities the product must be in
small bulk, or must be able to transport itself, and the cattle raiser
could easily drive his product to market. The effect of these great
ranches on the subsequent agrarian history of the localities in which
they existed should be studied.

The maps of the census reports show an uneven advance of the farmer's
frontier, with tongues of settlement pushed forward and with
indentations of wilderness. In part this is due to Indian resistance, in
part to the location of river valleys and passes, in part to the unequal
force of the centers of frontier attraction. Among the important centers
of attraction may be mentioned the following: fertile and favorably
situated soils, salt springs, mines, and army posts.

The frontier army post, serving to protect the settlers from the
Indians, has also acted as a wedge to open the Indian country, and has
been a nucleus for settlement.[16:3] In this connection mention should
also be made of the government military and exploring expeditions in
determining the lines of settlement. But all the more important
expeditions were greatly indebted to the earliest pathmakers, the Indian
guides, the traders and trappers, and the French voyageurs, who were
inevitable parts of governmental expeditions from the days of Lewis and
Clark.[17:1] Each expedit