at in the finished electrotype they will be well
below the printing face.

_8. Black-leading._ Making the face of the molded case electrically
conductive by applying graphite.

_9. Stopping-out._ Insulating with a thin coating of wax the edges and
back of the copper case to prevent copper being deposited except on
the face of the mold.

_10. Pumping-out or Oxidizing._ Coating the face of the molded case
with chemical copper to hasten deposition of copper shell in the bath.

_11. Deposition of Shell._ The molded case is put in the electrolytic
bath for the deposition of shell thereon.

_12. Releasing Shell from Molds._ Stripping the deposited shell from
the waxed mold by dashing hot water on it. The wax is melted off case
and used again.

_13. Washing Copper Shell._ Hot lye-water or steam is used to clean
off any wax sticking to it.

_14. Trimming Copper Shell._ Rough edges of shell outside the guard
line trimmed off.

_15. Aciding Copper Shell._ An application of fluxing medium to back
of copper shell so that tin will adhere.

_16. Tinning Copper Shell._ Tin-foil is melted on the back of the
copper shell. This is the solder between the copper shell and the
metal back, without which the metal backing would not adhere to the
shell.

_17. Backing-up._ The flowing of electrotype metal on the back of the
tinned copper shell for the purpose of making a foundation for
printing (electrotype metal is an alloy of 94 per cent lead; 3 per
cent tin for flowing and 3 per cent antimony for hardness).

_18. Scrubbing the Cast._ A power operated scrubbing machine using a
hydro-carbon oil as the cleansing medium to clean the printing face of
the electrotypes.

_19. Cast-sawing._ Sawing off the surplus metal of the cast before
finishing.

_20. Flattening the Casts._ Hand operation with mallet and flattening
block to take the warp out of the electrotype caused by the
contraction of the metal in cooling.

_21. Rough-shaving._ Planing off superfluous metal from the back of
the electrotype.

_22. Finishing._ Putting the printing surface of the electrotype in
perfect condition for press after leaving the foundry department. This
is done by hand and requires a high degree of skill.

_23. Smooth-shaving._ The finishing shave of metal from back of
electrotype to bring it to the required thickness.

_24. Routing._ Cutting out the high but non-printing surfaces of the
electrotype by a routing machine.

_25. Guard-line Sawi