r one
which appears to have been very large." This shows that the Spaniards
went from Pecos by the San Cristobal canon.

[73] To-day Tezuque, Nambe, Santa Clara, San Juan, San Ildefonso,
Pojuaque, and, besides, Cuyamunque in ruins.

[74] The Piros were totally dispersed during the intertribal wars of
1680-89. Niel, p. 104. Senecu, near Mesilla, is a Piros pueblo, founded
by Fray Antonio de Arteaga in 1630. Fray Balthasar de Medina, _Chronica
de la Provincia de S. Diego de Mexico de Religiosos Descalzos de N. S.
P. S. Francisco de la Nueva-Espana_, Mexico, 1682, lib. iv. cap. vii.
fol. 168. Vetancurt, _Cronica_, p. 309. It is therefore a Spanish
"colony," and not an original pueblo.

[75] Castaneda, i. cap. ix., ii. cap. iii. iv. p. 183, vii. p. 188. Fray
Marcos de Niza, pp. 274-276, Jaramillo, pp. 368, 369.

[76] Antonio Espejo, _Viaje_, etc. Vetancurt, _Cronica_, etc., pp. 302,
303.

[77] Vetancurt, _Cronica_, etc., trat. iii. cap. iv. pp. 302, 303-305,
cap. vi. pp. 324, 325.

[78] Espejo, _Viaje_, etc.

[79] _Coronado's March_, pp. 336-339. Don Jose Cortes, _Memorias sobre
las Provincias del Norte de Nueva-Espana_, 1799. MSS. of the library of
Congress, fol. 87.

[80] Coronado, Letter of Oct. 20, 1541, p. 354. Castaneda, ii. cap.
viii. p. 194, Jaramillo, pp. 376, 377.

[81] He went from Santa Fe N.E. and E.N.E., and struck the
"Escansaques:" might they have been the "Kansas?" Geronimo de Zarate
Salmeron, _Relacion_, etc., pp. 26, 27.

[82] Zarate Salmeron, p. 29.

[83] I append a valuable description of these ruins from the
Surveyor-General's office at Santa Fe, communicated to me by Mr. D. J.
Miller. (See p. 30.)

[84] This is made probable through the statement of Father Jose Amando
Niel (p. 108), to the effect that the Yutas warred against the Pananas
and the Jumanas. The latter were about Socorro, therefore the Yutas must
have descended east to below Pecos. Their arrival east of the Sierra
Madre is placed, through the reports of the Pecos, about 1530.
Castaneda, ii. cap. v., p. 178.

[85] _Obediencia, etc., de S. Joan Baptista_, p. 113, "todos los Apaches
desde la Sierra Nevada hacia la parte del Norte y Poniento," p. 114;
speaking of the Jemez, "y mas, todos los Apaches y cocoyes de sus
sierras y comarcas."

[86] In a subsequent paper, I hope to continue this "Historical
Introduction," in the shape of a discussion of the various expeditions
into New Mexico, and from it to other points north-we