spiracy; but Silvio Pellico, Maroncelli and
Count Confalonieri were implicated as having invited the Piedmontese to
invade Lombardy, and were condemned to pass many years in the dungeons
of the Spielberg.

The French revolution of 1830 had its echo in Italy, and Carbonarism
raised its head in Parma, Modena and Romagna the following year. In the
papal states a society called the Sanfedisti or Bande della Santa Fede
had been formed to checkmate the Carbonari, and their behaviour and
character resembled those of the Calderai of Naples. In 1831 Romagna and
the Marches rose in rebellion and shook off the papal yoke with
astonishing ease. At Parma the duchess, having rejected the demand for a
constitution, left the city and returned under Austrian protection. At
Modena, Duke Francis IV., the worst of all Italian tyrants, was expelled
by a Carbonarist rising, and a dictatorship was established under Biagio
Nardi on the 5th of February. Francis returned with an Austrian force
and hanged the conspirators, including Ciro Menotti. The Austrians
occupied Romagna and restored the province to the pope, but though many
arrests of Carbonari were made there were no executions. Among those
implicated in the Carbonarist movement was Louis Napoleon, who even in
after years, when he was ruling France as Napoleon III., never quite
forgot that he had once been a conspirator, a fact which influenced his
Italian policy. The Austrians retired from Romagna and the Marches in
July 1831, but Carbonarism and anarchy having broken out again, they
returned, while the French occupied Ancona. The Carbonari after these
events ceased to have much importance, their place being taken by the
more energetic Giovane Italia Society presided over by Mazzini.

In France, Carbonarism began to take root about 1820, and was more
thoroughly organized than in Italy. The example of the Spanish and
Italian revolutions incited the French Carbonari, and risings occurred
at Belfort, Thouars, La Rochelle and other towns in 1821, which though
easily quelled revealed the nature and organization of the movement. The
Carbonarist lodges proved active centres of discontent until 1830, when,
after contributing to the July revolution of that year, most of their
members adhered to Louis Philippe's government.

The Carbonarist movement undoubtedly played an important part in the
Italian Risorgimento, and if it did not actively contribute to the wars
and revolutions of 1848-49, 1859