tence.

In primitive times therefore, man lived in families, on the produce of
the chase. Later on, the spirit of discovery, the more abundant food
obtained by traps and by the cultivation of plants allowed men to live
in tribes. Thus, intellectual development was the first cause of
social life in man, and Lubbock is certainly wrong in considering that
the establishment of clans dates further back than the first beginning
of civilization. Westermark's conclusions are as follows:

(1). _At no period of human existence has family life been replaced by
clan life._

(2). _Conjugal life is a heritage from ancestors who lived in a
similar way to the anthropoid apes of the present day._

(3). _Although less intimately and less constantly bound to the
children than to the mother, the father has always been in man the
protector of the family._

CRITICISM OF THE DOCTRINE OF PROMISCUITY

Most sociologists believe with Lubbock, Bachofen, MacLennan, Bastian,
Giraud-Teulon, Wilkens, and others that primitive man lived in sexual
promiscuity. If we agree with Westermark that the term marriage
includes polygamy, polyandry and limited marriage, the opinion of
these authors is wrong. What they have considered as promiscuity can
always be included in one of these forms of marriage, even among the
indigenes of Hayti, whose life is the most debauched. The author who
has most confused the question is Fison, with his dogmatic theories
concerning the Australians. Obliged to admit that promiscuity does not
exist among these people, he still maintains that it existed formerly.
Curr, who was better acquainted than Fison with the Australians, has
proved that they are normally monogamous.

Similar statements of Bastian, Wilkens and others concerning the
Kustchins, the natives of Terra del Fuego, are also incorrect. In none
of the African tribes is there communion of women, the men, on the
other hand, are extremely jealous. Promiscuity is not observed among
savage and primitive races, but among people already civilized, such
as the Buddhist Butias, in whom man knows neither honor nor jealousy.
The savage Weddas are monogamous, and one of their proverbs says:
"Death alone can separate woman from man."

There is in reality only one true form of promiscuity--the
prostitution of modern civilized races, who have introduced it among
savages, subjecting them to gratify their own lust. Among many savage
races there exists, on the contrary, a very