fted letisimulant--The double defence of the
pentatomid, "stink-bug"--Reason coming to the aid of instinct--
Death-feigning an instinct--Feigning of death by ants--By a hound--Not
instinctive in the dog and cat--The origin of this instinct--Summary. 202

CONCLUSION

Instinct and reason--Specialized instincts and "intelligent accidents"
--Abstraction in the dog--In the elephant--The kinship of mind in man
and the lower animals shown by the phenomenon of dreaming--By the
effects of drugs--The action of alcohol on rhizopods--On jelly-fish
--On insects--On mammals--Animals aware of the medical qualities of
certain substances--Recognition of property rights--Animals as tool
users--Instinct and reason differentiated--Summary. 215

BIBLIOGRAPHY 225

INDEX 227

* * * * *

DAWN OF REASON

MENTAL TRAITS IN THE LOWER ANIMALS

INTRODUCTION.--CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MIND

Mind is a resultant of nerve, in the beginning of life, neuro-plasmic,
action, through which and by which animal life in all its phases is
consciously and unconsciously, directly and indirectly, maintained,
sustained, governed, and directed.

This definition of mind is widely different from the definition of those
metaphysical scientists who directed psychological investigation and
observation a decade ago. They held that psychology had nothing in
common with physiology and morphology; that _psychos_ stood upon an
independent pedestal, and was not affected by, and did not affect, any
of the phenomena of life.

In these days it is becoming an accepted fact that morphology,
physiology, and psychology are intimately related and connected, and
that a thorough knowledge of the one implies an equally thorough
knowledge of the others.

Morphology and physiology, until a comparatively recent time, led
divergent paths; but, thanks to such men as Haeckel, Romanes, Huxley,
Wolff, and many others, this erroneous method of investigation, to a
great extent, has ceased.

"The two chief divisions of biological research--Morphology and
Physiology--have long travelled apart, taking different paths. This is
perfectly natural, for the aims, as well as the methods, of the two
divisions are different. Morphology, the science of forms, aims at a
scientific understandi