s Peter was put in prison, and on his
escape from prison left Jerusalem.[2]

From this time on, if not before, the undoubted head of the Church in
Jerusalem was James, the brother of the Lord. What was his attitude
towards the Hellenising Christians? Acts would have us understand that
he was always on perfectly good terms with Peter, and later on with
Paul. But that is hardly the impression given by the Pauline epistles,
which very clearly distinguish Peter from James and his emissaries.
Paul's view is that Peter was in principle on the same side as himself,
and that he therefore had no right to yield to the representatives of
James; but he never suggests that James and he were on the same side.
Nor had the Jews in Jerusalem any illusions on the subject; when Paul
appeared in the temple he was promptly arrested, but not until the
popular madness of the year 66 did any of the orthodox Jews think of
interfering with James, the head of the Christians in Jerusalem.

Thus Acts plainly has understated the amount of controversy between the
Hellenising Christians and the original community. Failure to see this
is due to the ultimately complete triumph of the Hellenistic party, who
naturally looked on what was really the conservative position as
Judaising, {61} whereas the truth was that they themselves were
Hellenising.

According to Acts the most successful centre of Hellenistic
Christianity was Antioch. Here, too, it is possible that the picture
presented by it is one-sided, owing to the fact that, at least in many
places, Acts reproduces the tradition of Antioch. Doubtless there were
other centres equally important. Neither Ephesus nor Rome seems to
have been founded by missionaries from Antioch, though Paul and the
other Antiochean missionaries came into their history at an early date.

The controversy between the school of James and the Hellenistic
Christians appears to have been very acute in Antioch, but the details
are extremely obscure. Acts represents the beginning of the Church at
Antioch as due to Hellenistic Christians who left Jerusalem after the
death of Stephen. Nor is there any reason to doubt the correctness of
this tradition, which is probably that of Antioch itself. A little
later Barnabas came down from Jerusalem to Antioch. Acts does not
state, but seems to imply, that he came down, as Peter had come to
Samaria, in order to criticise and control Hellenistic enthusiasm.
But, like Peter at Cae