he would probably have left school
early and have become a dependable and contented laborer. In a
very simple environment he would probably not be considered
defective.

_C. P. Boy, age 10-2; mental age 7-11; I Q 78._ Portuguese boy,
son of a skilled laborer. One of eleven children, most of whom
have about this same grade of intelligence. Has attended school
regularly for four years. Is in the third grade, but cannot do
the work. Except for extreme stubbornness his social development
is fairly normal. Capable in plays and games, but is regarded as
impossible in his school work. Like his brother, M. P., the next
case to be described, he will doubtless become a fairly reliable
laborer at unskilled work and will not be regarded, in his
rather simple environment, as a defective. From the
psychological point of view, however, his deficiency is real. He
will probably never develop beyond the 11- or 12-year level or
be able to do satisfactory school work beyond the fifth or sixth
grade.

[Illustration: FIG. 10. WRITING FROM DICTATION. C. P., AGE 10-2;
MENTAL AGE 7-11]

_M. P. Boy, age 14; mental age 10-8; I Q 77._ Has been tested
four successive years, I Q being always between 75 and 80.
Brother to C. P. above. In school nearly eight years and has
been promoted to the fifth grade. At 16 was doing poor work in
the sixth grade. Good school advantages, as the father has tried
conscientiously to give his children "a good education."
Perfectly normal in appearance and in play activities and is
liked by other children. Seems to be thoroughly dependable both
in school and in his outside work. Will probably become an
excellent laborer and will pass as perfectly normal,
notwithstanding a grade of intelligence which will not develop
above 11 or 12 years.

[Illustration: FIG. 11. BALL AND FIELD TEST. M. P., AGE 14;
MENTAL AGE 10-8]

What shall we say of cases like the last two which test at high-grade
moronity or at border-line, but are well enough endowed in moral
and personal traits to pass as normal in an uncomplicated social
environment? According to the classical definition of feeble-mindedness
such individuals cannot be considered defectives. Hardly any one would
think of them as institutional cases. Among laboring men and servant
girls there are thousands like them. They are the world's "