%
partners:
EC countries 53%, US 6%, Russia 4%, Saudi Arabia 3%
Imports:
$22.9 billion (c.i.f., 1992)
commodities:
manufactured products 68%, fuels 17%, foodstuffs 4%
partners:
EC countries 44%, US 11%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Russia 5%
External debt:
$59.4 billion (1993)
Industrial production:
growth rate 4.3% (1992); accounts for 28% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
14,400,000 kW
production:
44 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
750 kWh (1991)
Industries:
textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron
minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Agriculture:
accounts for 16% of GDP and employs about half of working force;
products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus
fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years
Illicit drugs:
major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western
Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish,
Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out
of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into
heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul;
government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy
cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist
countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion
note:
aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1
billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion
Currency:
1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
Exchange rates:
Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 15,196.1 (January 1994), 10,983.3
(1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Turkey, Communications

Railroads:
8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified)
Highways:
total:
320,611 km
paved:
27,000 km (including 138 km of expressways)
unpaved:
gravel 18,500 km; earth 275,111 km (1988)
Inland waterways:
about 1,200 km
Pipelines:
crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km
Ports:
Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
Merchant marine:
390 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,664,205 GRT/8,163,379 DWT,
bulk 103,