n (1991 est.)
Exports:
$1.3 billion to outside the FSU countries (1993)
commodities:
oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat
(1992)
partners:
Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Imports:
$358.3 million from outside the FSU countries (1993)
commodities:
machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil and gas (1992)
partners:
Russia and other former Soviet republics, China
External debt:
$1.5 billion debt to Russia
Industrial production:
growth rate -16% (1993)
Electricity:
capacity:
19,135,000 kW
production:
81.3 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
4,739 kWh (1992)
Industries:
extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead,
zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur),
iron and steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural
machinery, electric motors, construction materials
Agriculture:
accounts for almost 40% of net material product; employs about 26% of
the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool
Illicit drugs:
illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS
consumption; limited government eradication program; used as
transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe and North
America from Central and Southwest Asia
Economic aid:
recipient:
approximately $1 billion in foreign credits to become available in
1994
Currency:
national currency the tenge introduced on 15 November 1993
Exchange rates:
NA
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Kazakhstan, Communications

Railroads:
14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines
(1990)
Highways:
total:
189,000 km
paved and graveled:
108,100 km
unpaved:
earth 80,900 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
Syrdariya River, Ertis River
Pipelines:
crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas 3,480 km
(1992)
Ports:
inland - Atyrau (formerly Gur'yev; on Caspian Sea)
Airports:
total:
365
usable:
152
with permanent-surface runways:
49
with runways over 3,659 m:
8
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
38
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
71
Telecommunications:
telephone service is poor, with only about 17 telephones for each 100
persons in urban areas and 7.6 telephones per 100 persons in rural
areas; of the approximately 2.2 million telephones, Almaty has
184,000; broadcast receivers - TVs 4,750,000, radios 4,088,000, radio
receiver sys