s, textiles, food processing
Agriculture:
accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector,
with crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar
beets, vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy
and eggs; about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of
wheat, corn, soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 10 million metric
tons in 1991
Economic aid:
donor:
ODA and OOF commitments (1970-93), $123 billion
note:
ODA outlay of $9.9 billion in 1994 (est.)
Currency:
yen (Y)
Exchange rates:
yen (Y) per US$1 - 111.51 (January 1994), 111.20 (1993), 126.65
(1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

@Japan, Communications

Railroads:
27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km
predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and
multitrack sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified,
2,012 km 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)
Highways:
total:
1,115,609 km
paved:
782,042 km (including 4,869 km of national expressways)
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, or earth 333,567 km (1991)
Inland waterways:
about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas
Pipelines:
crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km
Ports:
Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo,
Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu,
Himeji, Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu
Merchant marine:
926 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,383,101 GRT31,007,515 DWT,
bulk 225, cargo 76, chemical tanker 9, combination ore/oil 9,
container 44, liquefied gas 42, multi-function large load carrier 1,
oil tanker 265, passenger 10, passenger cargo 3, refrigerated cargo
66, roll-on/roll-off cargo 44, short-sea passenger 36, specialized
tanker 2, vehicle carrier 94
note:
Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including up to 38%
of the total number of ships under the Panamanian flag
Airports:
total:
167
usable:
165
with permanent-surface runways:
137
with runways over 3,659 m:
2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
34
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
52
Telecommunications:
excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones;
broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or
greater); satellite e