mportant question? It is evident that if this power had not been vested
in the tribunals of the United States, the government would have wanted
the means of its own preservation; all its granted powers would have
depended upon the variable and uncertain decisions of State courts.

"It is a well-established maxim in political organization, that the
judicial power must be made co-extensive with the constitutional and
legislative power; otherwise there can be no adequate provision for the
interpretation and execution of the laws. In conformity with this plain
and necessary principle, the Constitution declares that the judicial
power of the United States shall extend to all cases in law and equity
arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United States and
treaties, no matter in what court such a case arises. Whenever and
wherever such a case comes up, the judicial power of the United States
extends to it, and attaches upon it; and if it arise in any State court,
the acts of Congress have made provision for its transfer to the Supreme
Court of the United States, there to be finally heard and adjudged. This
proceeding is well known to the profession, and need not now be
particularly stated or rehearsed. Finally, the President of the United
States is by the Constitution made commander-in-chief of the army and
navy, and of the militia when called into the actual service of the
United States; and all these military means are put under his control in
order that he may be able to see that the laws be faithfully executed.
The Government of the United States, therefore, though a government of
limited powers, is complete in itself, and, to the extent of those
powers, possesses all the faculties for legislation, interpretation and
execution of the laws, and nothing is necessary but fidelity in all
those who are elected by the people to hold office in its various
departments to cause it to be upheld, maintained, and efficiently
administered.

"The Constitution assigns particular classes of causes to the original
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, and other courts are to exercise such
powers and duties as are or may be prescribed by Congress. Congress has
not as yet found it necessary or expedient to confer on the circuit or
other inferior courts all the jurisdiction created or authorized by the
Constitution; thus there are many cases in which a summary jurisdiction
usually belonging to courts, such as that of mandamus and injunc