[105] Ulrichs, in his _Argonauticus_, in 1869, estimated the number as
only 25,000, but admitted that this was probably a decided underestimate.
Bloch (_Die Prostitution_, Bd. i, p. 792) has found reason to believe that
in Cologne in the fifteenth century the percentage was nearly as high as
Hirschfeld finds it today. A few years earlier Bloch had believed
(_Beitraege_, part i, p. 215, 1902) that Hirschfeld's estimate of 2 per
cent, was "sheer nonsense."

[106] Hirschfeld mentions the case of two men, artists, one of them
married, who were intimate friends for a great many years before each
discovered that the other was an invert.

[107] See articles by Numa Praetorius and Fernan, maintaining that
homosexuality is at least as frequent in France (_Sexual-Probleme_, March
and December, 1909).

[108] Dr. Laupts, _L'Homosexualite_, 1910, pp. 413, 420.

[109] Naecke, _Zeitschrift fuer Sexualwissenschaft_, 1908, Heft 6.

[110] It is a fact significant of the French attitude toward homosexuality
that the psychologist, Dr. Saint-Paul, when writing a book on this
subject, though in a completely normal and correct manner, thought it
desirable to adopt a pseudonym.

[111] A well-informed series of papers dealing with English
homosexuality generally, and especially with London (L. Pavia, "Die
maennliche Homosexualitaet in England," _Vierteljahrsberichte des
wissenschaftlich-humanitaeren Komitees_, 1909-1911) will be found
instructive even by those who are familiar with London. And see also
Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualitaet_, ch. xxvi. Much information of historical
nature concerning homosexuality in England will be found in Eugen Duehren
(Iwan Bloch), _Das Geschlechtsleben in England_.

[112] This: is doubtless the reason why so many English inverts establish
themselves outside England. Paris, Florence, Nice, Naples, Cairo, and
other places, are said to swarm with homosexual Englishmen.

CHAPTER II.

THE STUDY OF SEXUAL INVERSION.

Westphal--Hoessli--Casper--Ulrichs--Krafft-Ebing--Moll--Fere--Kiernan--
Lydston--Raffalovich--Edward Carpenter--Hirschfeld.

Westphal, an eminent professor of psychiatry at Berlin, may be said to be
the first to put the study of sexual inversion on an assured scientific
basis. In 1870 he published, in the _Archiv fuer Psychiatrie_, of which he
was for many years editor, the detailed history of a young woman who, from
her earliest years, differed from other girls: she liked to dress a