d.

The losses on the other side were confined to the German navy, with
the exception of the Turkish cruiser _Medjidieh_. Germany lost the
battleship _Pommern_; the cruisers _Dresden_ and Koenigsberg; the
submarines _U-12_, _U-29_, _U-8_, one of the type of the _U-2_, and
another unidentified; two unidentified torpedo boats; and the
auxiliary cruisers _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_ (interned), _Holger_,
_Kronprinz Wilhelm_ (interned), and _Macedonia_. Also the destroyer
_G-196_, the mine layer _Albatross_, and the auxiliary cruiser
_Meteor_.

In retaliation for having her flag swept from the seas, Germany's
submarines, during the second six months of the war, had sunk a total
of 153 merchant ships, including those belonging to neutral countries
as well as to her enemies. The total tonnage of these was about
500,000 tons; 1,643 persons died in going down with these ships.

Not of the least importance were the precedents that were established,
or attempted to be established, by Germany in conducting naval warfare
with her submarine craft. In a note delivered to the United States
Government, the German Government declared that British merchant
vessels were not only armed and instructed to resist or even attack
submarines, but often disguised as to nationality. Under such
circumstances it was assumed to be impossible for a submarine
commander to conform to the established custom of visit and search.
Accordingly, vessels of neutral nations were urgently warned not to
enter the submarine war zone. The war zone which she proclaimed about
Great Britain had no precedent in history, and it immediately brought
to her door a number of controversies with neutrals, particularly the
United States. The sinking of liners carrying passengers claiming
citizenship in neutral countries was another precedent, which had the
same effect with regard to diplomatic exchanges.

Predictions that had been made long before the war came were found to
be worthless; there were those who had predicted that Germany in the
event of war with England would give immediate battle with her largest
ships; but twelve months went by without an actual battle between
superdreadnoughts. "Der Tag" had not come. There were those who had
predicted that the British navy would force the German ships out of
their protected harbors. "We shall dig the rats out of their holes,"
said Mr. Winston Churchill, British Secretary of State for the Navy in
the early months of the war. M