boats covered with a deck gun or by putting a boarding crew
aboard, it was possible for the commanders of the submarines to keep
their periscopes or the hulls of their vessels behind the sails of the
fishing boats, unobservable to lookouts on larger ships.

By the 23d of February, 1915, the success of German submarines had
been so marked that the insurance rates on merchantmen went up.
Lloyd's underwriters announced that the rate on transatlantic passage
had gone up nearly one per cent. And on the same day it was announced
that the British Government would thereafter regulate steamship
traffic in the Irish Sea. Certain areas of the Irish Sea were closed
to all kinds of traffic; lines of passage were defined and had to be
followed by all merchantmen, and vessels of all descriptions were
ordered to keep away from certain parts of the coast from sunset to
sunrise.

The comparatively small size of the submarines made it possible for
the German admiralty to load them on to trains in sections and
transport them where needed, and in this manner some were sent from
the German ports on the North Sea to Zeebrugge, there assembled and
launched. Others were sent to the Adriatic, arriving at Pola on the
25th of February, 1915. These were intended for use in the
Mediterranean as well as in the Adriatic Sea.

Neutral ships, in order to escape attack by German submarines had to
resort to unusual methods of self-identification. The use of flags
belonging to neutral countries by the merchantmen of belligerent
powers made the usual identification by colors almost impossible, the
German admiralty claiming that the commanders of submarines were
unable to wait long enough, after stopping a vessel, to ascertain
whether she had a right to fly one flag or another. Consequently the
ships belonging to Dutch and American lines had their names painted
with large lettering along their sides. At night, streamers of
electric lights were hung over the sides to illuminate these
letterings; and on the decks of many of the neutral ships their names
and nationalities were painted in large letters so that they might be
identified by aircraft. Owing to such precautions the Dutch steamship
_Prinzes Juliana_ escaped being sunk by a torpedo on the 3d of March,
1915. A submarine ran a parallel course to that followed by the Dutch
ship, but after examining the lettering on her sides the commander of
the German craft saw that she was not legitimate game and tur