68; Ceremonies of initiation to secure union with the
clan, 169; Feigned resurrection of the initiate, 170; The
lonely vision, 171; Instruction of youth, 172, 173;
Initiation into secret societies, 174.

MARRIAGE CEREMONIES. Simple forms, 176-178; The bride
hiding, 179; Prenuptial defloration, 180; Introduction of a
supernatural element, 181; View that all marriage-ceremonies
are essentially religious, 182.

CEREMONIES AT BIRTH. Parental care, 184; The couvade, 185;
Child regarded as a reincarnation, 186; Ablutions and
naming, 187; Child regarded as child of God, 188.

BURIAL CEREMONIES. Natural grief, 189; Propitiation of the
dead by offerings at grave, 190; Ban of silence, 191; The
dead regarded as powerful, 192; Social value of these
ceremonies, 193.

CEREMONIES OF PURIFICATION AND CONSECRATION. Occasions of
purification, 194-196; Methods: by water, sand, etc.,
197-199; by sacrifice, 200; Purification of a whole
community, 201; Consecration of private and official
persons, 202, 203; Fasting, 204; its origin, 205-207; its
religious effects, 208; Result of massing these ceremonies,
209.

CEREMONIES CONNECTED WITH SEASONS AND PERIODS. Calendars,
210, 211; Lunar festivals, 212-214; Solar festivals, 215;
Solstitial and stellar festivals, 216; Importance of
agricultural festivals, 217; Joyous, 218; Licentious, 219;
Offering of first fruits, 220; Sadness, 221; The eating of
sacred food, 222; Long periods, 223; Social value of these
ceremonies, 224.

CHAPTER IV. EARLY CULTS 99

Savage treatment of superhuman Powers discriminating,
225-228; Charms and fetish objects, 229, 230; Life-force
(mana), 231-233; not an object of worship, but enters into
alliance with religion, 234, 235; Nature of sacredness, 236,
237; Luck, 238; The various objects of worship, 239, 240.

ANIMALS. Their social relations with men, 241, 242;
Transformation and transmigration, 243; Two attitudes of men
toward animals, 244-248; What animals are revered, 249, 250;
Regarded as incarnations of gods or of spirits, 251; Those
sacred to gods generally represent old beast-cults, 252,
253; Survivals of reverence for animals, 254; Beasts as
creators, 255, 256; Worship rarely offered them, 257, 258;
Coalescence of beast-cults with other religious observances,
259; Whether animals ever became anthropomorphic deities,
260;