snow, or cloth wet with ice water, until they resume their usual
warmth. Then it is well to rub them with a mixture of alcohol and
water, equal parts, for a time and expose them to the usual
temperature of a dwelling room. Warm drinks are now administered to
the patient. The frozen member, if hand or foot, is raised high in
the air on pillows and covered well with absorbent cotton and bandage.
If much redness, swelling, and pain result this dressing is removed
and the part is wrapped in a single thickness of cotton cloth kept
continually wet with alcohol and water.

Subsequent treatment consists in keeping the damaged parts covered
with vaseline or cold cream, absorbent cotton, and bandage. If
blisters and sores result, the care is similar to that described for
like conditions under burns. If death of the frozen part becomes
inevitable, the hand or foot should be suspended in a nearly vertical
position to keep the blood out, and the part bathed twice daily with a
solution of corrosive sublimate (one 7.7 gr. tablet to pint of water),
dusted well with aristol, and dressed with absorbent cotton and
bandage until the dead tissue separates and comes away. If the frozen
part is large it may be necessary to remove it with a knife, but this
is not essential when the tips of the fingers or toes are frozen.

=General Effect of Cold.=--Sudden exposure to severe cold causes
sleep, stupor, and death. Persons found apparently frozen to death
should be brought into a cold room, which should be gradually heated,
and the body rubbed with snow or ice water, and artificial respiration
employed, as just directed. Attempts at resuscitation ought to be
persistent, as recoveries have been reported after several hours of
unconsciousness and apparent death from freezing.

=CHILBLAINS AND MILD FROSTBITES.=--The effects of severe cold on the
body are very similar to those of intense heat, though they are very
much slower in making their appearance. After a person has frozen a
finger or toe he may not notice much inconvenience for days, when
suddenly violent inflammation may set in. The fingers, ears, nose, and
toes are the members which suffer most frequently from the effects of
cold. Similar symptoms of inflammation, described under burns, also
result from cold, that is, redness and swelling of the skin, blisters
with more severe and deeper inflammatory involvement, or, in case the
parts are thoroughly frozen, local death and destruction o