ne
one inch in front of angle of jaw._

_Rule 3.--Plug nostril with strip of thin cotton or muslin cloth._

_Rule 4.--Do not wash away clots; encourage clotting to close
nostril._

=BLEEDING FROM LUNGS; BRIGHT BLOOD COUGHED UP.=

=BLEEDING FROM STOMACH; DARK BLOOD VOMITED.=

_First Aid Rule for both. Let patient lie flat and swallow small
pieces of ice, and also take one-quarter teaspoonful of table salt in
half a glass of cold water._

=BRUISE.=

_First Aid Rule 1.--Bandage from tips of fingers, or from toes, making
same pressure with bandage all the way up as you do over the injury._

_Rule 2.--Apply heat through the bandage, over the injury, with
hot-water bottles._

=Cause, Etc.=--A bruise is a hidden wound; the skin is not broken. It
is an injury caused by a blunt body so that, while the tougher skin
remains intact, the parts beneath are torn and crushed to a greater or
lesser extent. The smaller blood vessels are torn and blood escapes
under the skin, giving the "black and blue" appearance so common in
bruises of any severity. Sometimes, indeed, large collections of
blood form beneath the skin, causing a considerable swelling.

Use of the bruised part is temporarily limited. Pain, faintness, and
nausea follow severe bruises, and, in case of bad bruises of the
belly, death may even ensue from damage to the viscera or to the
nerves. Dangerous bleeding from large blood vessels sometimes takes
place internally, and collections of blood may later break down into
abscesses. Furthermore, the bruise may be so great that the injury to
muscle and nerve may lead to permanent loss of use of the part. For
these reasons a surgeon's advice should always be sought in cases of
bad bruises. Pain is present in bruises, owing to the tearing and
stretching of the smaller nerve fibers, and to pressure on the nerves
caused by swelling. The swelling is produced by escape of blood and
fluid from the torn blood vessels.

=Treatment.=--Even slight and moderate bruises should be treated by
rest of the injured part. A splint insures the rest of a limb (see
treatment of Fractures, p. 80). One of the best modes of treatment is
the snug application of a flannel bandage which secures a certain
amount of rest of the part to which it is applied, and aids in
preventing further swelling. Where bandaging is not feasible, as in
certain parts of the body, or before bandaging in any kind of a
bruise, the use of a cold compress is advis