er remuneration.

It is here assumed that the young farmer is himself going to be more
than an average farmer. If he is not he will only get average results,
in which case his labor income will be only that of the ordinary day
laborer.

To repeat the idea in concrete terms. If the young farmer is located
in central Pennsylvania and finds that the average yield of wheat for
the state is 17 bushels an acre, he may safely estimate that his
improved methods will bring him 25 bushels of wheat to the acre. He
may even hope for 34 bushels per acre. At the Pennsylvania station
several varieties of wheat have, during the past 18 years, averaged
over 30 bushels per acre. One year one variety produced 43 bushels. It
would not be safe, however, to use such figures in estimating profits.

Having outlined the cropping system and made a careful estimate of the
total annual production of each crop, the next step is to determine
the amount of food and bedding required for the live stock. From this
data it may be determined what products will be available for sale,
and what foodstuffs must be bought. Thus, it may be found, for
example, that the amount of oats raised just meets the requirement,
while more maize must be purchased, together with nitrogenous
concentrates, and that a portion of the hay is available for sale. In
the farm under consideration there will, of course, be wheat,
potatoes, tomatoes, cabbages, garden peas and the animal products
previously mentioned for sale, and later there will be apples and some
lumber from the wood lot.

The data are now at hand by which to estimate the total receipts.
Having made the estimates of receipts, the expenses are estimated, and
the difference gives the cash balance, if there is any. The most
important items of expense will be labor, feed, seeds, fertilizers,
harvesting and threshing expenses, spraying material, shipping
packages, blacksmithing and repairs. After all expenses that can be
thought of are included not less than 10% should be added for
incidental expenses.

The amount of commercial or natural fertilizers to be purchased is, of
course, related to the yard manure which will be produced on the farm;
therefore some estimate of the probable amount is desirable. In a
roughly empirical way the amount of manure produced may be estimated
at twice the amount of dry food and bedding used, provided it is
hauled daily to the field. Where stored and drawn to the field at
stated per