ts themselves as they cohere.

3. Physical Element:

(_a_) Climate and meteorology affecting

(1) Character of the people.

(2) Occupations.

(_b_) Topography, affecting

(1) Movement of races, armies, productions, etc.

(2) Size and boundaries of states.

(3) Location and character of cities.

(4) Industries.

(5) Trade and transportation.

(_c_) Natural resources, soil, and products, affecting

(1) Livelihood.

(2) Character of people.

(_d_) Violent and infrequent phenomena of nature, earthquakes,
storms, eclipses, comets, volcanic eruptions, etc., affecting

(1) Beliefs and actions of people.

4. Human Element.

(_a_) The national or race spirit.

(_b_) The religious emotions and aspirations.

(_c_) The sentimental interests.

(_d_) The _Zeitgeist_ or spirit of the age.

(_e_) The genius of individuals.

5. Superhuman Element.

(_a_) The moral order in the universe, or the seeming law that
rules thoughts, feelings, and actions of men--the law of cause and
effect.

QUERIES

1. Which time-units are most commonly used in the classes you have
observed? Do you approve of the custom?

2. What advantage is gained from the use of such units over what is
gained in using other units?

3. Are there any of the units mentioned that ought to be used
sparingly, if at all?

4. Does the teacher observed stress dates sufficiently? Does she
over-stress them?

5. Under what circumstances should a date be learned?

6. What is the best method of getting pupils to remember dates?

7. How many dates ought to be required in any course in history in the
high school?

8. What principle of selection ought to guide in the choice?

9. Is it wise to require the learning of some dates for the recitation
period only with the expectation that they shall then fade from the
mind?

10. Is it wise to drill on dates frequently?

11. What is the value of memorized dates?

12. What would be your views respecting the following list of dates
(learned in their full significance) as the only fixed required dates
for the entire high school course: B.C. 1000; 776; 594; 500; 459; 323;
264; 146; 59; 31; A.D. 313; 395; 476; 527; 622; 732; 800; 843; 962;
1066; 1095; 1215; 1400; 1453; 1492; 1517; 1588; 1598; 1603; 1609; 1620;
1648; 1688; 1776; 1789: 1815; 1830; 1848; 1861; 1867; 1