end of the book; practically all of
these contain the symbol to which reference is made. Cantor, _Geschichte_,
Vol. I, p. 31.

[186] F. X. Kugler, _Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel_, I. Buch, from
the beginnings to the time of Christ, Muenster i. Westfalen, 1907. It also
has numerous tables containing the above zero.

[187] From a letter to D. E. Smith, from G. F. Hill of the British Museum.
See also his monograph "On the Early Use of Arabic Numerals in Europe," in
_Archaeologia_, Vol. LXII (1910), p. 137.

[188] R. Hoernle, "The Baksh[=a]l[=i] Manuscript," _Indian Antiquary_, Vol.
XVII, pp. 33-48 and 275-279, 1888; Thibaut, _Astronomie, Astrologie und
Mathematik_, p. 75; Hoernle, _Verhandlungen_, loc. cit., p. 132.

[189] Bayley, loc. cit., Vol. XV, p. 29. Also Bendall, "On a System of
Numerals used in South India," _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_,
1896, pp. 789-792.

[190] V. A. Smith, _The Early History of India_, 2d ed., Oxford, 1908, p.
14.

[191] Colebrooke, _Algebra, with Arithmetic and Mensuration, from the
Sanskrit of Brahmegupta and Bhascara_, London, 1817, pp. 339-340.

[192] Ibid., p. 138.

[193] D. E. Smith, in the _Bibliotheca Mathematica_, Vol. IX (3), pp.
106-110.

[194] As when we use three dots (...).

[195] "The Hindus call the nought explicitly _['s][=u]nyabindu_ 'the dot
marking a blank,' and about 500 A.D. they marked it by a simple dot, which
latter is commonly used in inscriptions and MSS. in order to mark a blank,
and which was later converted into a small circle." [Buehler, _On the Origin
of the Indian Alphabet_, p. 53, note.]

[196] Fazzari, _Dell' origine delle parole zero e cifra_, Naples, 1903.

[197] E. Wappler, "Zur Geschichte der Mathematik im 15. Jahrhundert," in
the _Zeitschrift fuer Mathematik und Physik_, Vol. XLV, _Hist.-lit. Abt._,
p. 47. The manuscript is No. C. 80, in the Dresden library.

[198] J. G. Praendel, _Algebra nebst ihrer literarischen Geschichte_, p.
572, Munich, 1795.

[199] See the table, p. 23. Does the fact that the early European
arithmetics, following the Arab custom, always put the 0 after the 9,
suggest that the 0 was derived from the old Hindu symbol for 10?

[200] Bayley, loc. cit., p. 48. From this fact Delambre (_Histoire de
l'astronomie ancienne_) inferred that Ptolemy knew the zero, a theory
accepted by Chasles, _Apercu historique sur l'origine et le developpement
des methodes en geometrie_, 1875 ed., p. 476; Nesselmann, howeve