erchant and
the manufacturer were united. It was common for the manufacturer of
goods to have his shop in his own home and, after he had made the
goods, to put them on the shelf until called for by customers. Later
he had systems of distribution and trade with people in the immediate
locality. Soon weavers, spinners, bricklayers, packers, tanners, and
other classes became distinctive. It was some time before
manufacturers and traders, however, became separate groups, and a
longer time before the manufacturer was separated from the merchant,
because the manufacturer must market his own goods. Industries by
degrees thus became specialized, and trades became clearly defined in
their scope. This led, of course, to a distinct division of
occupation, and later to a division of labor within the occupation.
The introduction of money after the development of town economy brought
about the wage system, whereby people were paid in money rather than
{433} kind. This was a great step forward in facilitating trade and
industry.

One of the earliest methods of developing organized industrial society
was through the various guilds of the Middle Ages. They represented
the organization of the industries of a given town, with the purpose of
establishing a monopoly in trade of certain kinds of goods, and
secondarily to develop fraternal organization, association, and
co-operation among groups of people engaged in the same industry.
Perhaps it should be mentioned that the first in order of development
of the guilds was known as the "guild-merchant," which was an
organization of all of the inhabitants of the town engaged in trading
or selling. This was a town monopoly of certain forms of industry
controlled by the members of that industry. It partook of the nature
of monopoly of trade, and had a vast deal to do with the social
organization of the town. Its power was exercised in the place of more
systematic political town government. However, after the political
town government became more thoroughly established, the guild-merchant
declined, but following the decline of the guild-merchant, the craft
guild developed, which was an organization of all of the manufacturers
and traders in a given craft. This seemed to herald the coming of the
trade-union after the industrial machinery of society had made a number
of changes. English industrial society became finally completely
dominated, as did societies in countries on the Contine