[38] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 17.

[39] _Annals of Agriculture_, chap. iv. p. 157.

[40] Defoe, vol. iii. pp. 78, 79.

[41] Cf. Burnley, _Wool and Wool-combing_, p. 417.

[42] Smith, _Memoirs of Wool_, vol. ii. p. 297.

[43] Ure, _History of the Cotton Manufacture_, vol. i. p. 224.

[44] James, _History of the Worsted Manufacture_, p. 323 (quoted
Taylor, _The Modern Factory System_, p. 61).

[45] Baines, _History of the County Palatine of Lancashire_, vol. ii.
p. 413.

[46] Ure, _History of Cotton Manufacture_, vol. i. p. 224, etc.

[47] Dr. Aikin, _History of Manchester_ (quoted Baines, p. 406).

[48] Taylor, _The Modern Factory System_, p. 69.

[49] _Economic History_, vol. ii. p. 237.

[50] Defoe, _Tour_, vol. iii. p. 89.

[51] _Report from the Committee on the Woollen Manufacture of
England_, (1806).

[52] _Tour_, vol. ii. p. 35.

[53] For an interesting account of the cunning devices of "factors"
see Smith's _Memoirs of Wool_, vol. ii. p. 311, etc.

[54] Cf. Booth, _Labour and Life of the People_, vol. i. p. 486, etc.

[55] Toynbee, _Industrial Revolution_, p. 55.

[56] Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 350.

[57] _Wealth of Nations_, Bk. V., chap. i., part 3.

CHAPTER III.

THE ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE INDUSTRY.

Sec. 1. _A Machine differentiated from a Tool._
Sec. 2. _Machinery in Relation to the Character of Human Labour._
Sec. 3. _Contributions of Machinery to Productive Power._
Sec. 4. _Main Factors in Development of Machine Industry._
Sec. 5. _Importance of Cotton-trade in Machine Development._
Sec. 6. _History refutes the "Heroic" Theory of Invention._
Sec. 7. _Application of Machinery to other Textile Work._
Sec. 8. _Reverse order of Development in Iron Trades._
Sec. 9. _Leading Determinants in the General Application of
Machinery and Steam-Motor._
Sec. 10. _Order of Development of modern Industrial Methods in the
several Countries--Natural, Racial, Political, Economic._

Sec. 1. It appears that in the earlier eighteenth century, while there
existed examples of various types of industrial structure, the
domestic system in its several phases may be regarded as the
representative industrial form. The object of this chapter is to
examine the nature of those changes in the mechanical arts which
brought about the substitution of machine-industry conducted in
factories or large workshops for the handicrafts conducted within