on. Courage is commonly thought of as the
emotion that is the opposite of fear. It would follow that courage
meant simply inhibition of the adrenal medulla. As a matter of fact,
the mechanism of courage is more complex. One must distinguish animal
courage and deliberate courage. Animal courage is literally the
courage of the beast. As noted, animals with the largest amounts of
adrenal cortex are the pugnacious, aggressive, charging kings of the
fields and forests. The emotion experienced by them is probably anger
with a sort of blood-lust, and no consideration of the consequences.
The object attacked acted like the red rag waved at a bull--it had
stimulated a flow of the secretion of the adrenal cortex, and the
instinct of anger became sparked, as it were, by the new condition
of the blood. In courage, deliberate courage, there is more than
instinct. There is an act of volition, a display of will. Admitting
that without the adrenal cortex such courage would be impossible, the
chief credit for courage must be ascribed to the ante-pituitary. It is
the proper conjunction of its secretion and that of the adrenal cortex
that makes for true courage. So it is we find that acts of courage
have been recorded most often of individuals of the ante-pituitary
type. Photographs are obtainable of thirty-four winners of the
Congressional Medal of Honor for extraordinary bravery in the War
with Germany. Of these twenty-three exhibited the somatic criteria or
hormonic signs of the ante-pituitary type. A prerequisite for adequate
ante-pituitary function is a normal secretion of the interstitial
cells of the reproductive glands. Cowardice is said to be a feature of
eunuchs.

THE PITUITARY AND INSTINCT

We have seen that, more than any other gland or tissue of the body,
the post-pituitary governs the maternal-sexual instincts and their
sublimations, the social and creative instincts. A great deal of
evidence is in our possession concerning the disturbances of emotion
accompanying disturbances of this gland, and controllable by its
control. It might be said to energize deeply the tender emotions, and
instead of saying soft-hearted we should say much-pituitarized.
For all the basic sentiments (as opposed to the intellectualized
self-protective sentimentalism), tender-heartedness, sympathy and
suggestibility are interlocked with its functions. Its secretion must
act upon the great basal ganglia, at the base of the brain, which
contain the n