.D. 732; but Constantine V.
Copronymus only began to reign in 740 or 741 A.D.); another Arabic
author places this event in the year 122, adding that al-Battal, having
defeated the Greeks, was attacked and slain in returning with his
captives. The Greek historians say nothing about Constantine having been
made prisoner. It is probable that the Arabs took another Greek soldier
for the prince.[23] The victories of the Moslems had no lasting results.
During the troubles that began in the reign of Walid II., the Greeks
reconquered Marash (Germanicia), Malatia (Malatiyeh) and Erzerum
(Theodosiopolis).

In Spain the attention of the Moslems was principally turned to avenge
the defeat of Samh beyond the Pyrenees. As early as the second year of
the reign of Hisham, 'Anbasa, the governor of Spain, crossed the
Pyrenees, and pushed on military operations vigorously. Carcassonne and
Nimes were taken, Autun sacked. The death of 'Anbasa in A.D. 725 and
internal troubles put a stop to further hostilities. The Berbers were
the chief contingent of the Moslem troops, but were treated by their
Arab masters as inferior people. They began to resent this, and one of
their chiefs, Munisa (Munuza), made himself independent in the north and
allied himself with Odo, king of Aquitaine, who gave him his daughter in
marriage. In the year 113 Abdarrahman b. Abdallah subdued Munisa,
crossed the mountains and penetrated into Gascony by the valley of
Roncesvalles. The Moslems beat Odo, gained possession of Bordeaux, and
overran the whole of southern Gaul nearly as far as the Loire. But in
October 732 their march was checked between Tours and Poitiers by
Charles Martel and after some days of skirmishing a fierce but
indecisive battle was fought. Abdarrahman was among the slain and the
Moslems retreated hastily in the night, leaving their camp to the
Franks. They were, however, not yet discouraged. In 739 the new governor
of Spain, Oqba (Aucupa) b. Hajjaj, a man of high qualities, re-entered
Gaul and pushed forward his raids as far as Lyons, but the Franks again
drove back the Arabs as far as Narbonne. Thenceforth the continual
revolts of the Berbers in Africa, and the internal troubles which
disturbed Spain until the reign of Abdarrahman I., effectually checked
the ambition of the Moslems.

In Africa the hand of government pressed heavily. The Berbers, though
they had pledged themselves to Islam and had furnished the latest
contingents for the Holy War