adman of a village or tribe.

Ma'uzbillah = a Muhammadan exclamation on hearing bad news or a
calamity: "May God protect us!"

Muharram = a yearly Muhammadan feast held on the 10th of the month
of Muharram.

Mullah = a Muhammadan preacher.

Munshi = a clerk or preceptor.

P.

Pagari = the Eastern head-dress or turban.

Patwari = a village bailiff, who keeps the accounts of the village
lands.

Patwarkhana = the office of the bailiff.

Parda = the Eastern custom of secluding women from the public gaze.

Pulao = a popular dish in Afghanistan, consisting of meat cooked with
rice, with spices, nuts, raisins, and sweetenings.

Q.

Qurban = lit., sacrifice; also used as an expression of devotion by
an inferior to a superior.

Qismet = fate, destiny; an ever-present idea in the Muhammadan mind.

R.

Rebab = an Afghan stringed instrument, resembling a guitar.

S.

Sahib = lit., gentleman; the term of respect usually applied to
Englishmen.

Samadh = the posture assumed by an ascetic for contemplation of the
Deity. There are a great variety of these, each possessing its own
peculiar merit.

Sangar = an entrenchment. In the mountain warfare of Afghanistan
these are made of short walls of stones on the hillside.

Sanyasi = the fourth stage in the life of a devout Hindu, when he
retires from the world, and gives himself up entirely to religious
meditation.

Sardar = a chief, an Afghan nobleman.

Sarkar = the usual term for the British Government.

Sharm = shame. The Afghan idea underlying this word is a complex,
in which shame, public disgrace, modesty, delicacy, sense of honour,
all share in varying degree. He is always talking of it.

Shaster = a religious book of the Hindus.

Shesham = a common tree on the frontier that yields an excellent hard
wood for various articles of household use--Dalbergia sisso.

Sowar = a horseman.

Sura = a chapter of the Quran.

T.

Tahsil = the subdivision of an administrative district; the centre
for the collection of the revenue.

Talib = a Muhammadan religious student; a pupil in a mosque.

Tap-jap = a recitation of religious formulae by a Hindu.

Tauba = lit., repentance; an exclamation denoting abhorrence or
contrition.

U.

Ustad = a master or preceptor; a religious teacher (among Muhammadans).

W.

Wilayati = belonging to Europe; especially applied to merchandise of
European origin.

Y.

Yogsadhan = a system of contemplatio