isthmus; its history goes back to the 10th
century B.C., when it was held by Hiram, the friend of Solomon, and
sustained sieges by Nebuchadnezzar and others; was reduced by Caesar
Augustus, but again rose to be one of the most flourishing cities of the
East in the 4th century A.D.; fell into ruins under the Turks, and is
now reduced to some 5000 of a population.

TYROL (929), a crownland of Austria; lies between Bavaria (N.) and
Italy (S. and W.); traversed by three ranges of the Alps and by the
rivers Inn and Adige; it is famed for the beauty of its scenery;
inhabited by Catholic Germans and Italians; sheep-farming, mining, and
forest, fruit, and wine cultivation are the chief industries; capital
INNSBRUCK (q. v.).

TYRONE (171), a central county of Ulster, Ireland; is hilly,
picturesque, and fertile in the lower districts; a considerable portion
is taken up by barren mountain slopes and bogland, and agriculture is
backward; coal and marble are wrought; Omagh is the capital, and Strabane
and Dungannon are prosperous towns.

TYRONE, HUGH O'NEIL, EARL OF, a notable Irish rebel; assumed the
title of "The O'Neil," and offered open rebellion to Queen Elizabeth's
authority, but, despite assistance from Spain, was subdued by Essex and
Mountjoy; was permitted to retain his earldom, but in James I.'s reign
was again discovered intriguing with Spain; fled the country, and had his
lands confiscated; _d_. 1616.

TYRRHENIAN SEA, an arm of the Mediterranean, stretching between
Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily on the W., and Italy on the E.

TYRTAEUS, a lyric poet of ancient Greece, of the 7th century B.C.,
and whose war-songs greatly heartened the Spartans in their struggle with
the Messenians.

TYRWHITT, THOMAS, English scholar, the son of an English Church
canon, born in London; was a Fellow of Merton in 1755, and in 1762 became
clerk to the House of Commons, a post, however, which proved too arduous
for him, and in 1768 he resigned; the remainder of his life was given to
literary pursuits; produced the first adequate edition of Chaucer (1775),
besides an edition of Aristotle's "Poetics," and books on Chatterton's
"Rowley Poems," &c. (1730-1786).

TYTLER, PATRICK FRASER, historian, son of Alexander Fraser Tytler, a
lord of Session under the title of Lord Woodhouselee, author of the
"Elements of History" (1747-1813), born in Edinburgh; abandoned the bar
for literature, and established his fame by his scholarly "H