indley Murray,[303] and adopted by several of the more recent
grammarians. See the works of Dr. Crombie, J. Grant, T. O. Churchill, R.
Hiley, B. H. Smart, M. Harrison, and W. G. Lewis, published in London; and
J. M. M'Culloch's Grammar, published in Edinburgh; also some American
grammars, as E. Hazen's, N. Butler's, D. B. Tower's, W. H. Wells's, the
Sanderses'.

OBS. 5.--The participle in _ed_, as is mentioned above, usually denotes a
_completion_ of the being, action, or passion, and should therefore be
denominated the PERFECT participle. But this completion may be spoken of as
present, past, or future; for the participle itself has no tenses, and
makes no distinction of time, nor should the name be supposed to refer to
the perfect tense. The conjugation of any passive verb, is a sufficient
proof of all this: nor is the proof invalidated by resolving verbs of this
kind into their component parts. Of the participles in _ed_ applied to
_present_ time, the following is an example: "Such a course would be less
likely to produce injury to health, than the _present course pursued_ at
our colleges."--_Literary Convention_, p. 118. Tooke's notion of
grammatical time, appears to have been in several respects a strange one:
he accords with those who call this a _past_ participle, and denies to the
other not only the name and notion of _a tense_, but even the _general
idea_ of time. In speaking of the old participial termination _and_ or
_ende_,[304] which our Anglo-Saxon ancestors used where we write _ing_, he
says, "I do not allow that there are any _present_ participles, or any
_present tense_ of the verb." [305]--_Diversions of Purley_, Vol. ii, p.
41.

OBS. 6.--The _Perfect_ participle of transitive verbs, being used in the
formation of passive verbs, is sometimes called the _Passive_ participle.
It usually has in itself a passive signification, except when it is used in
forming the compound tenses of the active verb. Hence the difference
between the sentences, "I have written a letter," and, "I have a letter
written;" the former being equivalent to _Scripsi literas_, and the latter
to _Sunt mihi literae scriptae_. But there are many perfect participles which
cannot with any propriety be called passive. Such are all those which come
from intransitive or neuter verbs; and also those which so often occur in
the tenses of verbs not passive. I have already noticed some instances of
this misnomer; and it is better to preclude it