to their children the advice of patience and the duty of revenge.

[Footnote 13: The first kingdom of the Bulgarians may be found, under
the proper dates, in the Annals of Cedrenus and Zonaras. The Byzantine
materials are collected by Stritter, (Memoriae Populorum, tom. ii. pars
ii. p. 441-647;) and the series of their kings is disposed and settled
by Ducange, (Fam. Byzant. p. 305-318.]

[Footnote 14: Simeonem semi-Graecum esse aiebant, eo quod a pueritia
Byzantii Demosthenis rhetoricam et Aristotelis syllogismos didicerat,
(Liutprand, l. iii. c. 8.) He says in another place, Simeon, fortis
bella tor, Bulgariae praeerat; Christianus, sed vicinis Graecis valde
inimicus, (l. i. c. 2.)]

[Footnote 15:--Rigidum fera dextera cornu Dum tenet, infregit, truncaque
a fronte revellit. Ovid (Metamorph. ix. 1-100) has boldly painted the
combat of the river god and the hero; the native and the stranger.]

[Footnote 16: The ambassador of Otho was provoked by the Greek excuses,
cum Christophori filiam Petrus Bulgarorum Vasileus conjugem duceret,
Symphona, id est consonantia scripto juramento firmata sunt, ut omnium
gentium Apostolis, id est nunciis, penes nos Bulgarorum Apostoli
praeponantur, honorentur, diligantur, (Liutprand in Legatione, p. 482.)
See the Ceremoniale of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, tom. i. p. 82, tom.
ii. p. 429, 430, 434, 435, 443, 444, 446, 447, with the annotations of
Reiske.]

II. When the black swarm of Hungarians first hung over Europe, above
nine hundred years after the Christian aera, they were mistaken by fear
and superstition for the Gog and Magog of the Scriptures, the signs
and forerunners of the end of the world. [17] Since the introduction
of letters, they have explored their own antiquities with a strong and
laudable impulse of patriotic curiosity. [18] Their rational criticism
can no longer be amused with a vain pedigree of Attila and the Huns; but
they complain that their primitive records have perished in the Tartar
war; that the truth or fiction of their rustic songs is long since
forgotten; and that the fragments of a rude chronicle [19] must be
painfully reconciled with the contemporary though foreign intelligence
of the imperial geographer. [20] Magiar is the national and oriental
denomination of the Hungarians; but, among the tribes of Scythia, they
are distinguished by the Greeks under the proper and peculiar name of
Turks, as the descendants of that mighty people who had conquered
and r