he people. General Durando had no sooner arrived
at Bologna than he issued a proclamation, in which, falsifying the Pope's
wishes, he adduced his authority in order to encourage the war.
"Radetsky," said he, "fights against the cross of Christ. Pius IX. has
blessed your swords together with those of Charles Albert. This war of
civilization against barbarism is not merely national, it is a Christian
war. With the cross and by the cross, we shall be victorious. God wills
it."

Nothing could have tended more completely to compromise the character of
the Pontiff. It became necessary, accordingly, to publish the Encyclical
Letter of 29th April, 1848. "Men are endeavouring," said the Holy Father,
in this admirable document, "to disseminate suspicions that are injurious
to the temporal administration of our States. It is our duty to prevent
the scandal that might thus be given to the simple and unreflecting." He
then proceeds to declare that he is resolved to expose clearly and to
proclaim loudly the origin of all the facts of his Government. He refers
to the memorandum of 1831, which contained the collective counsels of the
European Cabinets to the Apostolic See, recommending the necessary
reforms. Some of these reforms were adopted by Gregory XVI. Circumstances
and the danger of the times caused others to be deferred. Pius IX.
considered that it was his duty to complete what his predecessor had
begun. He does not disclaim having taken the initiative on certain other
points. He had pardoned extensively, and he congratulates himself on this
clemency. He repels the calumny which would ascribe to the reforms which
he had inaugurated the general movement of Italy towards its
enfranchisement. This agitation he attributes to events that occurred
elsewhere, and which became facts of overwhelming influence for the whole
of Europe. Finally, he protests that he gave no other order to his
soldiers than that which required that they should defend the Pontifical
territory. He cannot be held responsible for the conduct of those amongst
his subjects who allow themselves to be swayed by the example of other
Italians. He had given his orders distinctly. They had been transgressed.
On the disturbing question of war with Austria, the _Encyclical_ bears the
following words:

"They would have us declare war against Austria. We have thought
it our duty to protest formally against such a resolution,
considering that, notwithstanding