ence and terror.

The extremists of Italy, however, beheld only in the too successful action
of the Parisian populace a new step towards liberty. It became the duty of
the Italian people, they declared, to march onward in the wake of
enlightened France, and seize the prize that was at length presented for
their acceptance. By such counsellors were the people abused and led
astray. The moderate reform party were themselves excited by the
enthusiasm which events had inspired, and heeded not the snares which the
radical chiefs were laying for them. They were thus caught in the toils of
those designing men, whilst they imagined that they were only working out
their own idea. They supposed even that they were gaining Mazzini, whilst,
in reality, Mazzini was making proselytes of them. Gioberti and his more
immediate friends, who certainly were not without their faults, were
abandoned by the crowd.

Reverting to what has been said already concerning Mazzini and his
political doctrines, there need be no hesitation in pronouncing him the
evil genius of modern Italy. In his book, "Italy in its Relations with
Liberty and Moral Civilization," which was published in France, where he
was an exile, in 1847, he formally declared that "Young Italy" (the
extreme Republicans) was the only party that could exercise any decisive
influence on the destiny of Italy. At the same time, he treated with
supreme contempt the ideas and hopes of the Reform party. In his mystic
republic only was to be found, he affirmed, _the principle of unity, the
ideal formula of actual progress_. This theory was the idol at whose
shrine he offered sacrifice. His followers were also his
fellow-worshippers, and he was their high priest. They were fascinated by
his brilliant utopias. He was no longer a legislator, a politician, a
philosopher only. He was a man of inspiration, a prophet, the Mahomet of a
new hegira. His sayings were oracles. His doctrines were enunciated in
sententious and poetical language; and from his place of exile they were
disseminated over the Italian peninsula. It has been shown already how
generously Pius IX. had recalled from banishment many subjects who had
violated the laws of their country. These men were, at one time, no doubt,
sincerely grateful, and showed how highly they appreciated the clemency of
the Pontiff. It is not, however, surprising, if, as is usual in such
circumstances, they began to consider more the severity which punishe