egardless of under which of these three heads a speech disorder may
come, it is commonly spoken of by the laymen as a "speech impediment"
or "a stoppage in speech" notwithstanding the fact that the
characteristics of the various disorders are quite dissimilar. In
certain of the disorders,

(a)--There is an inability to release a word; in others,
(b)--A tendency to repeat a syllable several times before
the following syllable can be uttered; in others,
(c)--The tendency to substitute an incorrect sound for the
correct one; while in others,
(d)--The utterance is defective merely in the imperfect
enunciation of sounds and syllables due to some organic
defect, or to carelessness in learning to speak.

While this volume has but little to do with speech disorders other than
stammering and stuttering, the characteristics of the more common forms
of speech impediment--lisping, cluttering and hesitation, as well as
stuttering and stammering--will be discussed in this first chapter, in
order that the reader may be able, in a general way at least, to
differentiate between the various disorders.

LISPING

This is a very common form of speech disorder and one which manifests
itself early in the life of the child. Lisping may be divided into
three forms:

(1)--Negligent Lisping
(2)--Neurotic Lisping
(3)--Organic Lisping

NEGLIGENT LISPING: This is a form of defective enunciation caused in
most cases by parental neglect or the carelessness of the child himself
in the pronunciation of words during the first few months of talking.
This defective pronunciation in Negligent Lisping is caused either by a
FAILURE or an INABILITY to observe others who speak correctly. We learn
to speak by imitation, and failing to observe the correct method of
speaking in others, we naturally fail to speak correctly ourselves. In
Negligent Lisping, this inability properly to imitate correct speech
processes, results in the substitution of an incorrect sound for the
correct one with consequent faulty formation of words.

ORGANIC LISPING: This results from an organic or physical defect in the
vocal organs, such as hare-lip, feeble lip, malformation of the tongue,
defective teeth, overshot or undershot jaw, high palatal arch, cleft
palate, defective palate, relaxed palate following an operation for
adenoids, obstructed nasal passages or defective hearing.

NEUROTIC LISPING: This is a fo