(or in some cases, slow)
repetitions of sounds, syllables or words, while in the case of
stammering, the manifestation takes the form of an inability to express
a sound, or to begin a word or a sentence.

ELEMENTARY STAMMERING: This is the simplest form of this disorder.
Here, the convulsive effort is not especially noticeable and the marked
results of long-continued stammering are not apparent. Most cases pass
quickly from the elementary stage unless checked in their incipiency.

SPASMODIC STAMMERING: This marks the stage of the disorder where the
effort to speak brings about marked muscular contractions and
pronounced spasmodic efforts, resulting in all sorts of facial
contortions, grimaces and uncontrolled jerkings of the head, body and
limbs.

THOUGHT STAMMERING: This, like Thought-Stuttering, is a form of Aphasia
and manifests itself in the inability of the stammerer to think of what
he wishes to say. In other words, the thought-stammerer, like the
thought-stutterer, is unable to recall the mental images necessary to
the production of a certain word or sound--and is, therefore, unable to
produce sounds correctly. The manifestations described under Thought
Stuttering are present in Thought Stammering also.

COMBINED STAMMERING AND STUTTERING: This is a compound form of
difficulty in which the sufferer finds himself at times not only unable
to utter a sound or begin a word or a sentence but also is found to
repeat a sound or syllable several times before the following syllable
can be uttered. Any case of stuttering or stammering in the Simple or
Elementary Stages may pass into Combined Stammering and Stuttering
without warning or without the knowledge, even, of the stammerer or
stutterer.

CHAPTER II

THE CAUSES OF STUTTERING AND STAMMERING

One of the first questions asked by the stutterer or stammerer is,
"What is the cause of my trouble?" In asking this question, the
stammerer is getting at the very essence of the successful method of
treatment of his malady, for there is no method of curing stuttering,
stammering and kindred defects of speech that can bring real and
permanent relief from the affliction unless it attacks the cause of the
trouble and removes that cause.

Inasmuch as this book has to do almost entirely with the two defective
forms of utterance known as stuttering and stammering, we will at this
time drop all reference to the other forms of speech impediments and
from this time for