f a design, what condition
exists and what principles must guide such an arrangement?

34. What is ornament?

35. What qualities may ornament possess? Define them.

36. In what periods of design does each quality appear most
pronouncedly?

37. How is ornament related to nature? To inventiveness or ingenuity?

38. How is ornament related to mathematics?

39. What are the important divisions of mathematical ornament?

40. What happens when an ornament is developed from a natural source?

41. What is the source called?

42. What periods of design have most affected printing? Why?

43. Explain how each of the above periods influences modern typography.

44. What should be the typographer's attitude toward the activities of
designers of every age and period?

45. What has been the effect of mechanical development in printing upon
typographic design?

46. Name some of the modern men whose work is of interest to the
typographer.

GLOSSARY

TERMS OF DESIGN AS APPLIED TO PRINTING

ASSYRIAN (Art)--The Assyrian Empire lay in Southwestern Asia between the
Tigris and the Euphrates, now part of Turkey in Asia. Its art was
largely expressed in the treatment of flat surfaces, using enameled
bricks, painted stuccoes, figured bronzes, etc. Bricks were the only
building material. The period dates from 4000-3000 B.C. to about 500
B.C.

ATTRACTION--The force exercised upon the eye by a mass through its tone,
color, size, or shape.

AXIS--A line dividing a surface for purpose of comparison or
construction.

BALANCE--An apparent state of rest between the various attractions in a
design. To balance the elements of a design is to arrange them so that
they are set at rest with one another.

BYZANTINE (Art)--The art of Eastern Christendom, from the time when
Byzantium (now Constantinople) became the capital in 330 A.D. until the
taking of the city by the Turks in 1453 and even later. Byzantine art
embodied Asiatic luxury in splendor and in profusion of color and
gilding. Its forms of design were purely geometrical and conventional,
with no use of the human figure.

CELTIC (Art)--Particularly active in the fourth century among the people
of what are now the British Isles. It was influenced by Central Asia and
Persia, and is thus somewhat oriental.

CHINESE (Art)--Characterized by the use of fantastic forms and brilliant
color. Best exemplified in porcelains, lacquers, and carvings in wood
and semi-precious stone