attempted to cut his way through the lines of the American
troops which surrounded him.

_b._ Crossed the Hudson and met the Americans at Bemis Heights;
defeated.

_c._ Defeated at Freeman's Farm.

_d._ Surrendered October 17, 1777.

6. Effects of the Surrender.
_a._ Gave the Americans many arms and munitions of war.

_b._ Gave the Americans greater confidence in themselves and their
cause.

_c._ Caused great discouragement to the British, both at home and in
the colonies.

_d._ Established the prestige of the American cause in Europe.

_e._ Secured the assistance of France.

_f._ Probably was the most influential single campaign in the war
and largely instrumental in enabling the colonists to win.

The preceding outline is the framework for the study of one military
campaign. In a school it would be the basis for topical recitations, but
in itself it has neither interest nor vitality. The main points should
be memorized so that facts learned subsequently may be logically
arranged. When the general outline is mastered, teachers and pupils
begin to fill in details from all available sources and create in the
minds of the pupils vivid pictures of the scenes, a thorough
understanding of the course of events, and a lively realization of the
effect of this remarkable episode of a great war. At home it may be used
in a similar manner.

To further assist in this instance and to furnish a type or model for
succeeding studies, we will traverse the outline again, showing what may
be done with it and how literature may lend its aid to the study of
history. In _Journeys Through Bookland_ we have a long extract from _The
Battle of Saratoga_ by Creasy (Volume IX, page 176). This will be the
source of much of our information, and there are explanatory footnotes
of considerable value. We reproduce here only the indices of the
original outline:

1. _a_, _b_ and _c_. A good outline map of the colonies is necessary. It
must show the location of bodies of water, natural thoroughfares, cities
and forts. The map should be made for the purpose and contain no details
beyond those necessary for an understanding of this campaign. A second
map showing a strip of country from the Saint Lawrence to New York and
wide enough to include all the operations of the armies should contain
more detail and be used frequently as the study proceeds. It may be
we