), with a bibliography;
"Haliburton," by F. Blake Crofton, in _Canada: an Encyclopaedia of the
Country_; C.H. Farnham's _Life of Francis Parkman_ and H.D. Sedgwick's
_Francis Parkman_ (1901); and articles on "Parkman," by E.L. Godkin,
in _The Nation_, 71, p. 441; by Justin Winsor in _The Atlantic_, 73,
p. 660; by W.D. Howells, _The Atlantic_, 34, p. 602; by John Fiske,
_The Atlantic_, 73, p. 664; by J.B. Gilder in _The Critic_, 23, p.
322; "Goldwin Smith as a Critic," by H. Spencer, _Contemp. Review_,
41, p. 519; "Goldwin Smith's Historical Works," by C.E. Norton, _North
American Review_, 99, p. 523; "Poetry of Charles Heavysege," by Bayard
Taylor, _Atlantic_, 16, p. 412; "Charles Heavysege," by L.J. Burpee,
in _Trans. Royal Society of Canada_, 1901; "Archibald Lampman," by
W.D. Howells, _Literature_ (N.Y.), 4, p. 217; "Archibald Lampman," by
L.J. Burpee, in _North American Notes and Queries_ (Quebec), August
and September 1900; "Poetry of Bliss Carman," by J.P. Mowbray,
_Critic_, 41, p. 308; "Isabella Valency Crawford," in _Poet-Lore_
(Boston), xiii. No. 4; _Roberts and the Influences of his Time_
(1906), by James Cappon; "William Wilfred Campbell," _Sewanee Review_,
October 1900; "Kingsford's History of Canada," by G.M. Wrong, _N.A.
Review_, I p. 550; "Books of Gilbert Parker," by C.A. Pratt, _Critic_,
33, p. 271. (L. J. B.)

2. _French-Canadian Literature_ at the opening of the 20th century might
be described as entirely the work of two generations, and it was
separated from the old regime by three more generations whose racial
sentiment only found expression in the traditional songs and tales which
their forefathers of the 17th century had brought over from the _mere
patrie_. Folk-lore has always been the most essentially French of all
imaginative influences in Canadian life; and the songs are the
quintessence of the lore. Not that the folk-songs have no local
variants. Indian words, like _moccasin_ and _toboggan_, are often
introduced. French forms are freely turned into pure Canadianisms, like
_cageux_, raftsman, _boucane_, brushwood smoke, _portage_, &c. New
characters, which appeal more directly to the local audience, sometimes
supplant old ones, like the _quatre vieux sauvages_ who have ousted the
time-honoured _quatre-z-officiers_ from the Canadian version of
_Malbrouk_. There are even a few entire songs of transatlantic origin.
But all these variants together are me