adian when arraigning
_Les Grands Drames_ of the classics (1889) before his ecclesiastical
court and finding them guilty of Paganism.

The best bibliographies are Phileas Gagnon's _Essai de bibliographie
canadienne_ (1895), and Dr N.E. Dionne's list of publications from the
earliest times in the _Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_
for 1905. (W. Wo.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The census is taken every ten years, save in these three
provinces, where it is taken every five. Their population in 1906
was:--Manitoba, 360,000; Saskatchewan, 257,000; Alberta, 184,000.

[2] The areas assigned to Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick and British Columbia are exclusive of the territorial seas,
that to Quebec is exclusive of the Gulf of St Lawrence (though
including the islands lying within it), and that to Ontario is
exclusive of the Canadian portion of the Great Lakes. About 500,000
sq. m. belong to the Arctic region and 125,755 sq. m. are water.

[3] In Canada a city must have over 10,000 inhabitants, a town over
2000.

[4] The date of foundation is given in brackets.

CANAL (from Lat. _canalis_, "channel" and "kennel" being doublets of the
word), an artificial water course used for the drainage of low lands,
for irrigation (q.v.), or more especially for the purpose of navigation
by boats, barges or ships. Probably the first canals were made for
irrigation, but in very early times they came also to be used for
navigation, as in Assyria and Egypt. The Romans constructed various
works of the kind, and Charlemagne projected a system of waterways
connecting the Main and the Rhine with the Danube, while in China the
Grand Canal, joining the Pei-ho and Yang-tse-Kiang and constructed in
the 13th century, formed an important artery of commerce, serving also
for irrigation. But although it appears from Marco Polo that inclines
were used on the Grand Canal, these early waterways suffered in general
from the defect that no method being known of conveniently transferring
boats from one level to another they were only practicable between
points that lay on nearly the same level; and inland navigation could
not become generally useful and applicable until this defect had been
remedied by the employment of locks. Great doubts exist as to the
person, and even the nation, that first introduced locks. Some writers
attribute their invention to the Dutch, holding that n