ning the Havel and the
Spree, electrical tractors run on rails along both banks, taking their
power from an overhead wire; they attain a speed of 2-1/2 m. an hour
when hauling two 600-ton barges. The electrical supply is also utilized
for working the lock gates and for various other purposes along the
route of the canal. In the Mont-de-Rilly tunnel, at the summit level of
the Aisne-Marne canal, a system of cable-traction was established in
1894, the boats being taken through by being attached to an endless
travelling wire rope supported by pulleys on the towpath.

When railways were being carried out in England some canal companies
were alarmed for their future, and sold their canals to the railway
companies, who in 1906 owned 1138 m. of canals out of a total length
in the United Kingdom of 3901 m. As some of these canals are links in
the chain of internal water communication complaints have frequently
arisen on the question of through traffic and tolls. The great
improvements carried out in America and on the continent of Europe by
state aid enable manufacturers to get the raw material they use and
goods they export to and from their ports at much cheaper rates than
those charged on British canals. The association of chambers of
commerce and other bodies having taken up the matter, a royal
commission was appointed in 1906 to report on the canals and
water-ways of the kingdom, with a view to considering how they could
be more profitably used for national purposes. Its Report was
published in December 1909.

AUTHORITIES.--L.F. Vernon-Harcourt, _Rivers and Canals_ (2nd ed.,
1896); Chapman, _Canal Navigation_; Firisi, _On Canals_; R. Fulton,
_Canal Navigation_; Tatham, _Economy of Inland Navigation_; Valancy,
_Treatise on Inland Navigation_; D. Stevenson, _Canal and River
Engineering_; John Phillips, _History of Inland Navigation_; J.
Priestley, _History of Navigable Rivers, Canals, &c. in Great Britain_
(1831); T. Telford, _Life_ (1838); John Smeaton, _Reports_ (1837);
_Reports of the International Congresses on Interior Navigation_;
_Report and Evidence of the Royal Commission on Canals_ (_Great
Britain_), 1906-9. (E. L. W.)

CANAL DOVER, a city of Tuscarawas county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the
Tuscarawas river, about 70 m. S. by E. of Cleveland. Pop. (1890) 3470;
(1900) 5422 (930 foreign-born); (1910) 6621. It is served by the
Baltimore & Ohio and the Pennsylvania