d in furrows made with a plow and subsoiler. I plant my orchard
four to six years with any cultivated crop; if it is corn or potatoes I
use an ordinary corn cultivator; at other times I use an Acme harrow. I
cease cropping when the trees begin to bear, and then plant to clover.
Windbreaks are essential; I would make them of Osage orange, evergreens,
or any body of timber, placed so remote that the orchard is not deprived
of its nourishment. For rabbits I wrap the trees, and use potash for
borers. I trim my trees while young with a knife, to encourage low
heads; it pays if done moderately. It pays to thin Winesap and Rawle's
Janet while on the trees. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter;
would advise its use on all soils. Do not pasture my orchard. Trees are
troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, bagworm, flathead borer,
buffalo tree-hopper, fall web-worm, leaf-miner, and leaf-crumpler; and
my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I have spayed with Paris green
for the above-mentioned insects; am satisfied that I have checked them.

* * * * *

JAMES M. WILLIAMS, Home, Nemaha county: I have lived in Kansas nearly
eighteen years. I have 400 apple trees, fifteen years planted, and of
good size. I prefer bottom land, black soil, with clay and limestone
subsoil, sloping a little to the south. I prefer to plant good
three-year-old trees, twenty-four by thirty feet apart; I cultivate all
the time with cultivator and harrow. I grow corn in the orchard from
eight to ten years, and oats after that. I think windbreaks are
essential, and would make them of native timber, planted south of the
orchard. I prune with a knife and saw, and believe it makes the fruit
larger and better; I never thin on the tree. I like to put plenty of
stable litter and old straw at the roots of the tree in winter. I
pasture with hogs after the oats come up; they eat all the windfall
apples and thus destroy insects. Am troubled some with caterpillars,
borers, and codling-moth. Have never sprayed any. I pick by hand in
sacks, from step-ladders, and put in piles. We sort by hand into three
classes--No. 1's and No. 2's for market, and No. 3 for the hogs. I sell
my best by the wagon-load in the orchard; my seconds I sell the same
way, but cheaper. I never dry any. I store in the cellar, in barrels,
for winter sales to winter dealers. I find the best keepers are Winesap
and Rawle's Janet. Prices in the fall, forty cents