left behind, which should afterwards be
polished with a woollen cloth.

VARNISH FOR HATS. The shell of the hat having been prepared, dyed, and
formed in the usual manner, is to be stiffened, when perfectly dry, with
the following composition, worked upon the inner surface. One pound of
gum kino, eight ounces of gum elemi, three pounds of gum olibanum, three
pounds of gum copal, two pounds of gum juniper, one pound of gum
ladanum, one pound of gum mastic, ten pounds of shell lac, and eight
ounces of frankincense. These are pounded small and mixed together;
three gallons of alcohol are then placed in an earthen vessel to receive
the pounded gums, and the vessel is then to be frequently agitated. When
the gums are sufficiently dissolved by this process, a pint of liquid
ammonia is added to the mixture, with an ounce of oil of lavender, and a
pound of gum myrrh and gum opoponax, dissolved in three pints of spirit
of wine. The whole of the ingredients being perfectly incorporated and
free from lumps, constitute the patent water-proof mixture with which
the shell of the hat is stiffened. When the shell has been dyed, shaped,
and rendered perfectly dry, its inner surface and the under side of the
brim are varnished with this composition by means of a brush. The hat is
then placed in a warm drying-room until it becomes hard. This process is
repeated several times, taking care that the varnish does not penetrate
through the shell, so as to appear on the outside. To allow the
perspiration of the head to evaporate, small holes are to be pierced
through the crown of the hat from the inside outward; and the nap of
silk, beaver, or other fur, is to be laid on by the finisher in the
usual way. That on the under side of the brim, which has been prepared
as above, is to be attached with copal varnish.

VARNISH FOR PAINTINGS. Mix six ounces of pure mastic gum with the same
quantity of pounded glass, and introduce the compound into a bottle
containing a pint of oil of turpentine. Now add half an ounce of camphor
bruised in a mortar. When the mastic is dissolved, put in an ounce of
Venice turpentine, and agitate the whole till the turpentine is
perfectly dissolved. When the varnish is to be applied to oil paintings,
it must be gently poured from the glass sediment, or filtered through a
muslin.

VARNISH FOR PALING. A varnish for any kind of coarse wood work is made
of tar ground up with Spanish brown, to the consistence of common