18

III. POLYPHONIC MUSIC; SEBASTIAN BACH, THE FUGUE 33

IV. THE MUSICAL SENTENCE 50

V. THE TWO-PART AND THREE-PART FORMS 69

VI. THE CLASSICAL AND THE MODERN SUITE 73

VII. THE RONDO FORM 81

VIII. THE VARIATION FORM 85

IX. THE SONATA-FORM AND ITS FOUNDERS--EMMANUEL
BACH AND HAYDN 91

X. MOZART. THE PERFECTION OF CLASSIC STRUCTURE
AND STYLE 108

XI. BEETHOVEN, THE TONE-POET 122

XII. THE ROMANTIC COMPOSERS. SCHUBERT, WEBER 160

XIII. SCHUMANN AND MENDELSSOHN 172

XIV. CHOPIN AND PIANOFORTE STYLE 188

XV. BERLIOZ AND LISZT. PROGRAM MUSIC 202

XVI. BRAHMS 228

XVII. CESAR FRANCK 255

XVIII. THE MODERN FRENCH SCHOOL--D'INDY AND DEBUSSY 280

XIX. NATIONAL SCHOOLS--RUSSIAN, BOHEMIAN AND
SCANDINAVIAN 300

XX. THE VARIED TENDENCIES OF MODERN MUSIC 326

_Music is the universal language of mankind._

--LONGFELLOW.

_Music can noble hints impart,
Engender fury, kindle love;
With unsuspected eloquence can move
And manage all the man with secret art._

--ADDISON.

_Music is the sound of the circulation in nature's veins. It
is the flux which melts nature. Men dance to it, glasses
ring and vibrate, and the fields seem to undulate. The
healthy ear always hears it, nearer or more remote._

--THOREAU.

_To strike all this life dead,
Run mercury into a mold like lead,
And henceforth have the plain result to show--
How we Feel hard and fast, and what we Know--
This were the prize, and is the puzzle!--which
Music essays to solve._

--BROWNING.

_All music is what awakes from you when you are reminded by
the instruments._

--WHITMAN.

Music: an Art and a Language

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

In approaching the study of any subject we may fairly expect that this
subject shall be defined, although some one has ironically remarked
that every