which a knowledge of those laws is diffused. 2d. That before such
investigation can begin, a spirit of scepticism must arise, which,
at first aiding the investigation, is afterward aided by it. 3d.
That the discoveries thus made increase the influence of
intellectual truths, and diminish, relatively, not absolutely, the
influence of moral truths; moral truths being more stationary than
intellectual truths, and receiving fewer additions. 4th. That the
great enemy of this movement, and therefore the great enemy of
civilization, is the protective spirit--the notion that society
cannot prosper, unless the affairs of life are watched over and
protected at nearly every turn by the state and the church; the
state teaching men what they are to do, and the church teaching
them what they are to believe.'

In all these points the recent work of Professor Draper coincides with
that of the lamented English writer. The main object of the former is,
however, to discuss a question more basic than those undertaken by the
author of 'Civilization in England,' the consideration of which was by
him formally declined: namely, the question of a predetermined order of
development lying back of all physical and mental phenomena. The opening
sentences of the American book will sufficiently indicate the purpose of
its pages:

'I intend, in this work, to consider in what manner the advancement
of Europe in civilization has taken place, to ascertain how far its
progress has been fortuitous, and how far determined by primordial
law.

'Does the procession of nations in time, like the erratic phantasm
of a dream, go forward without reason or order? Or, is there a
predetermined, a solemn march, in which all must join, ever moving,
ever resistlessly advancing, encountering and enduring an
inevitable succession of events?

'In a philosophical examination of the intellectual and political
history of nations, an answer to these questions is to be found.
* * * Man is the archetype of society. Individual development is the
model of social progress.'

It will be sufficient for our present purpose to indicate the line of
Dr. Draper's argument, in seeking for a solution to the problem of
progress, and to sum up the conclusions to which he is ultimately led by
his investigations.

In the intellectual infancy of a savage state,