that civilization does not proceed in an arbitrary manner, or by
chance, but that it passes through a determinate succession of
stages, and is a development according to law.

'For this purpose we considered the relations between individual
and social life, and showed that they are physiologically
inseparable from one another, and that the course of communities
bears an unmistakable resemblance to the progress of an individual,
and that man is the archetype or exemplar of society.

'We then examined the intellectual history of Greece--a nation
offering the best and most complete illustration of the life of
humanity. From the beginning of its mythology in old Indian
legends, and of its philosophy in Ionia, we saw that it passed
through phases like those of the individual to its decrepitude and
death in Alexandria.

'Then addressing ourselves to the history of Europe, we found that,
if suitably divided into groups of ages, these groups, compared
with each other in chronological succession, present a striking
resemblance to the successive phases of Greek life, and therefore
to that which Greek life resembles--that is to say, individual
life.'

Looking at the successive phases of individual life, Professor Draper
finds intellectual advancement to be their chief characteristic. The
anatomist discovers that the human form advances to its highest
perfection through provisions in its nervous structure for intellectual
improvement. In like manner the physiologist ranks the vast series of
animals now inhabiting the earth in the order of their intelligence. The
geologist declares that there has been an orderly improvement in
intellectual power of the beings that have successively inhabited the
earth.

The sciences, therefore, join with history, infers Professor Draper, in
affirming that the great aim of nature is intellectual improvement;
intellectual improvement in the individual, and hence, man being the
archetype of society, intellectual advancement in the race.

'What, then, is the conclusion inculcated by these doctrines as
regards the social progress of great communities? It is that all
political institutions--imperceptibly or visibly, spontaneously or
purposely--should tend to the improvement and organization of
national intellect. * * *

'A great community, aiming to govern itself by intel