ke of Westminster, and others. Turner is well represented
in the National Gallery, though his oils have suffered
through time and the use of fugitive pigments. For the
living men, their work may be seen in the yearly exhibitions
at the Royal Academy and elsewhere. There are comparatively
few English pictures in America.

[Footnote 20: Dispersed, 1898.]

CHAPTER XX.

AMERICAN PAINTING.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED: _American Art Review_; Amory, _Life of
Copley_; _The Art Review_; Benjamin, _Contemporary Art in
America_; _Century Magazine_; Caffin, _American Painters_;
Clement and Hutton, _Artists of the Nineteenth Century_;
Cummings, _Historic Annals of the National Academy of
Design_; Downes, _Boston Painters_ (_in Atlantic Monthly
Vol. 62_); Dunlap, _Arts of Design in United States_; Flagg,
_Life and Letters of Washington Allston_; Galt, _Life of
West_; Isham, _History of American Painting_; Knowlton, _W.
M. Hunt_; Lester, _The Artists of America_; Mason, _Life and
Works of Gilbert Stuart_; Perkins, _Copley_; _Scribner's
Magazine_; Sheldon, _American Painters_; Tuckerman, _Book of
the Artists_; Van Dyke, _Art for Art's Sake_; Van
Rensselaer, _Six Portraits_; Ware, _Lectures on Allston_;
White, _A Sketch of Chester A. Harding_.

AMERICAN ART: It is hardly possible to predicate much about the
environment as it affects art in America. The result of the climate,
the temperament, and the mixture of nations in the production or
non-production of painting in America cannot be accurately computed at
this early stage of history. One thing only is certain, and that is,
that the building of a new commonwealth out of primeval nature does
not call for the production of art in the early periods of
development. The first centuries in the history of America were
devoted to securing the necessities of life, the energies of the time
were of a practical nature, and art as an indigenous product was
hardly known.

After the Revolution, and indeed before it, a hybrid portraiture,
largely borrowed from England, began to appear, and after 1825 there
was an attempt at landscape painting; but painting as an art worthy
of very serious consideration, came in only with the sudden growth in
wealth and taste following the War of the Rebellion and the Centennial
Exhibition of 1876. The best of American art dates from about 1878,
though during t