and sugar industries, which
might make the archipelago one of the wealthiest and most prosperous
portions of the earth's face.

Manila has been once before captured from Spain. The English were its
captors, although they held it only a few months. It was in 1762, a few
weeks after the English capture of Havana. Spain had been rash enough to
side with France in the war usually known in this country as the French
and Indian war. She was speedily punished for it.

The expedition against Manila was the plan of Colonel William Draper; he
was made a brigadier-general for the expedition and put in command, with
Admiral Cornish as his naval ally. There were nine ships of the line and
frigates, several troop-ships, and a land force of twenty-three hundred
including one English regiment, with Sepoys and marines.

On September 24, 1762, these forces were disembarked just south of Manila.
The Archbishop of Manila, who was also governor-general of the island,
collected and armed some ten thousand natives, as a reinforcement to the
Spanish garrison of eight hundred. During the progress of the siege some
daring attempts were made by the British to prevent the further
construction of defences, but the assailants were repulsed with great
slaughter.

A desperate sally was made by a strong body of natives, who "ran furiously
on the ranks of the besiegers and fought with almost incredible ferocity,
and many of them died, like wild beasts, gnawing with their teeth the
bayonets by which they were transfixed."

On October 6th a breach was effected in the Spanish works, the English
carried the city by storm, and gave it up for several hours to the ravages
of a merciless soldiery. The Archbishop and his officers had retired to
the citadel, but this could not be defended, and a capitulation was agreed
upon, by which the city and port of Manila, with several ships and the
military stores, were surrendered, while for their private property the
Spanish agreed to pay as a ransom $2,000,000 in coin, and the same in
bills on the treasury at Madrid. This last obligation was never paid.

APPENDIX B.

WAR-SHIPS AND SIGNALS.

There are ten principal classes of vessels in the United States navy,
distinguished one from another by the differences in their uses and by
their strength and speed. The general principle underlying their
construction is that a vessel which is not strong enou