as
withdrawn in March 1907.

See _Blue-book, Correspondence respecting the proposed Channel
Tunnel_, Commercial No. 6 (1875); _Blue-book, Correspondence with
reference to the proposed Construction of a Channel Tunnel_, C. 3358
(1882); _Blue-book, Report from the Joint Select Committee of the
House of Lords and House of Commons on the Channel Tunnel_ (1883); F.
J. Bramwell, "The Making and Working of a Channel Tunnel," _Proc. Roy.
Inst._, May 1882; Tylden Wright, "The Channel Tunnel," _North of
England Inst. Min. and Mech. Eng._ vol. 33 (1882); W. Boyd Dawkins,
"The Channel Tunnel," _Manchester Geol. Soc._, May 1882, and _Brit.
Assoc. Rep._ (1882, 1899); E. de Rodakowski, _The Channel Ferry_
(London, 1905). (H. M. R.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] 50 deg. F. = 10 deg. C.; 60.8 deg. F. = 16 deg. C.

ENGLISH FINANCE. The history of the English fiscal system affords the
best example known of continuous financial development, in respect both
of institutions and methods. Though certain great periods of change can
be readily noticed, yet from the time of the Norman Conquest to the
beginning of the 20th century the line of connexion is substantially
unbroken. Perhaps the most revolutionary changes occurred in the 17th
century, as the outcome of the Civil War, and, later on, the revolution
of 1688. But even in this case there was no real breach of continuity.
It is, therefore, possible to trace the normal growth and expansion of
British finance as one of the aspects of the nation's history.

The primitive financial institutions of England centre round the king's
household, or, in other words, the royal economy precedes the national
one. Revenue dues collected by the king's agents, rents, or rather
returns of produce, from land, and special levies for emergencies form
the elements of the royal income, which gradually acquired greater
regularity and consistency. There is, however, little or no evidence of
any effective financial organization until we approach the 11th century.
The influence exercised from Normandy, which so powerfully affected the
English rulers at this time, tended towards the creation of records of
revenue claims and also of a central treasury.

With the union of England and Normandy under the same head the idea of
settled administrative methods was definitely fixed and became of
special importance in the field of finance. The systematizing spirit, so
characteristic of both the Norma