held at Constantinople, which
also decreed the disuse of the addition, and then the matter dropped
for about a hundred and fifty years. [Sidenote: Dispute stirred up
again for political purposes.] Its revival seems to have been chiefly
owing to political jealousies and to the struggle for supremacy which
was continually going on between Rome and Constantinople. We may be
allowed to believe that the dispute was, in reality, a question of mere
words, and that the two branches of the One Church did, and still do,
hold the "One Faith," although differing in their mode of expressing
it. [Sidenote: Actual schism in consequence.] Still the
ultra-conservatism which has always distinguished the Eastern Church,
and the unyielding temper which has been no less conspicuous in the
Church of Rome, did in time bring about a formal schism; and in A.D.
1053, the Pope Leo IX. issued a sentence of excommunication against the
Patriarch of Constantinople and all who adhered to him. In the
following year the Patriarch Michael Cerularius summoned a synod at
Constantinople, and retorted the excommunication upon the Latins. Two
attempts at reconciliation were afterwards made, one in A.D. 1274,
following the close of the last Crusade, and another which, after
lengthened negotiations, came to an equally unsuccessful termination at
the Council of Florence, A.D. 1430.

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[Sidenote: Outward union never since restored.]

Since that time the two great Branches of the One Vine, whilst still
drawing Life and Nourishment from the same Divine Root of Jesse by
means of the same Holy Sacraments, have yet abstained from all acts of
outward communion, and have failed to recognize in each other those
essential marks of Catholicity which God's Mercy and Providence has
preserved to them even in the midst of all their respective defects of
Charity, or their errors in theory and practice.

[1] Chap. VI., sec. 3.

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CHAPTER X

The Church of the Middle Ages

A.D. 900-A.D. 1500

[Sidenote: Foundation of the temporal power of the Popedom.]

The temporal power of the Popes gradually increased after the ninth
century, when part of the territory since known as the States of the
Church was bestowed on them by Pepin, whose son, the famous Emperor
Charlemagne, confirmed the donation. The change thus wrought in the
position of the Popes, who to their spiritual office of Bishop now
added the temporal one of sovereign, was productive of a