y no less than a religious duty at once to
christianize and civilize the ever advancing hordes of heathen
barbarians. [Sidenote: Conversion of Bulgaria.] The evangelization of
Bulgaria was, however, begun early in the ninth century, by the
carrying off of the Bishop of Adrianople and many of his flock, in a
victorious inroad of the Bulgarians, A.D. 811. Half a century later
the Bulgarian King Bogoris, influenced by his sister, who had been
brought up a Christian at Constantinople, put himself and his country
under the tuition of the Greek patriarch Photius. Soon after, becoming
weary of his Eastern instructors, he applied for aid to the Western
Church, and, in A.D. 867, the Pope Nicholas I. despatched two Italian
Bishops and other missionaries to Bulgaria. [Sidenote: Collision
between Greek and Roman missionaries.] This interference of the Roman
Church, in an already occupied field of missionary labour, added
considerably to the jealousy between East and West, and helped to bring
about the eventual and lamentable schism. Bogoris soon after returned
to his allegiance to Photius, insisted on the withdrawal of the Roman
Mission, and obtained a Greek Archbishop of Bulgaria from
Constantinople.

[Sidenote: Peculiar position of the Eastern Church.]

The state of external isolation in which the Church of the Eastern
Empire was placed by the {137} Schism of A.D. 1054, had a tendency to
increase its exaggerated spirit of conservatism, which was also
encouraged by the indolent unenterprizing temper of the Greeks of the
later empire, whose blood had not been quickened by the same admixture
of races as had given new life to the worn out nations of the West.
[Sidenote: Effects of the Crusades.] Under these circumstances the
crusades were hardly less a cause of terror to the Greeks than were the
advances of the Turks themselves, and tended to widen rather than to
heal the unhappy breach between the Latin and Greek Churches.
[Sidenote: Unjustifiable proceedings of the Latins.] The foundation of
a Latin Patriarchate at Jerusalem, after the taking of that city in
A.D. 1099, could not but be accounted an usurpation on the part of the
Pope, which was, however, far surpassed in injustice by the erection of
a Latin empire and a Latin Patriarchate in Constantinople itself, A.D.
1204. During the time that this oppressive arrangement lasted (i.e.
till A.D. 1261) the rightful Patriarch took refuge at the court which
the Eastern emperors