.D. 1019-A.D. 1077), the empire became completely Christian, and the
Church of Russia was placed on an independent footing, with a native
primate at its head. Innocent III. (A.D. 1198-A.D. 1216) attempted to
win over Russia to the Roman communion, by offering to confer the title
of King on Prince Roman, but his offer was at once rejected.
[Sidenote: which it has steadily refused to give up,] Russia suffered
severely from the ravages of the Mongul Tartars, A.D. 1223, and Pope
Innocent IV. took advantage of the distressed condition of the Russian
church and the removal of the Greek Patriarchate from Constantinople to
Nicaea, to make another attempt at detaching Russia from communion with
the Greeks. David, Prince of Galicia, professed himself willing to
receive the crown and title of king from Rome, but this arrangement was
not of long duration, and about A.D. 1230 a Metropolitan of the Russian
Church was consecrated by the Greek Patriarch, to fill up the vacancy
which had taken place {141} ten years before during the Tartar
invasion. Kiev, the original seat of the Russian Patriarchate, was
burnt and pillaged by the Tartars, and the see was transferred to
Vladimir, A.D. 1299, and thence during the early part of the next
century (A.D. 1320) to Moscow, where it has since remained.

[Sidenote: and has preserved unbroken.]

For more than two centuries, until A.D. 1462, Russia was oppressed by
the yoke of the unbelieving Tartars, but the Church still maintained
her independence, and steadily resisted the various attempts which were
made to bring about a reunion between East and West, by the subjugation
of the former to the unjust claims of the latter.

[1] The preaching Friars having been in vain employed for the
conversion of the Albigenses, their efforts were supplemented by the
institution of the Inquisition.

{142}

CHAPTER XII

The Mediaeval Church in Great Britain and Ireland

A.D. 500-A.D. 1500

Section 1. _The Church of England._

[Sidenote: Trials of the English Church under the Saxons.]

We have seen (p. 74) that the native Church of England had not
succeeded in converting the Anglo-Saxon invaders who gradually took
possession of the country, and that such as remained of the Bishops and
Clergy had been compelled for the most part to take refuge in
mountainous, and therefore inaccessible, districts. It was, however,
only in A.D. 587, that Theonas, Bishop of London, and Thadiocus, Bishop
of