ide, rough,
dirt, cow, crank thick, red, tight

[Illustration: FIGURE XI--ABSTRACT ROTE MEMORY]

=Results.= The papers are graded by determining the number of concrete
words and the number of abstract words that are reproduced. No account
is taken of whether the words are in the right position or not. A
perfect score in each test would therefore be thirty-three. The norms
are shown in Figures X and XI.

THE SUBSTITUTION TEST

=Object.= This test determines one's ability to build up new associations.
It is a test of quickness of learning.

=Method.= The substitution test-sheets are distributed to the pupils and
turned face down on the desks. The teacher gives the following
instructions:

We wish to see how fast you can learn. At the top of the sheet which
has been distributed to you there is a key. In nine circles are
written the nine digits and for each digit there is written a letter
which is to be used instead of the digit. Below the key are two
columns of numbers; each number contains five digits. In the five
squares which follow the number you are to write the letters which
correspond to the digits. Work as fast as you can and fill as many
of the squares as you can without making mistakes. When I say
"stop," quit work instantly and turn the paper over.

Before beginning the test the teacher should explain on the blackboard
the exact nature of the test. This can be done by using other letters
instead of those used in the key. Make sure that the pupils understand
what they are to do. Allow _eight_ minutes in grades three, four, and
five, and _five_ minutes above the fifth grade.

=Material.= For material, use the substitution test-sheets. This and the
other test material can be obtained from the University of Missouri,
Extension Division.

=Results.= In grading the work, count each square correctly filled in as
one point, and reduce the score to speed per minute by dividing by eight
in grades three, four, and five, and by five in the grades above.

The norms are shown in Figure XII.

[Illustration: FIGURE XII--SUBSTITUTION TEST]

FREE ASSOCIATION

=Object.= This test determines the speed of the free flow of ideas. The
result of the test is a criterion of the quickness of the flow of ideas
when no restriction or limitation is put on this flow.

=Method.= The procedure in this test is to give the pupils a word, and
tell them to write this word down and a